CHAPTER 14 Time for Mong0ls!!!

I. Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan Social Order Nomadic herded goats & sheep specific breed of horse for well being & warfare Basic Mongol Societal Unit: Individual Family Tribes & Clan Clans could join together to face a threat, etc. leaders elected by free men usually strong militarily lose following if unable to support peoples A. Making of a Great Warrior

Temujin- young Mongol Grandfather Kabul Khan- famous warrior Father chief- died Had few supporters Target by rival clans Overcoming obstacles election as khagan in 1206 He became who your book calls Chinggis Khan Actually better known as...

B. Building the War Machine Warfare Trained from youth accustomed to killing & death Variety of weapons: Short bow- could hit a target at 400 yds while riding Soldiers- ALL CAVALRY Tumens consisting of 10,000 warriors Specialized forces of spies, map makers Exploding arrows, early bronze cannons

D. Continued Assaults Conquest under Genghis 1207: First campaign of conquest against Xi Xia & Manchu Jin Worse if you resisted- slaughter everyone (scholars, some artisans spared) all paid tribute Some trouble vs. Qin but beat them anyway acquired new weapons Explosives Bamboo rockets Etc Conquered Kara Khitai in Mongolia and Muslim Khwarazam Empire of Muhammad Shah II Secret Strategy: Feigned retreat as battle strategy gained skills of Turkic horseman

D. Life under Mongols Assaults were brutal, however leadership focused on rebuilding and harmony Uniform legal code, written Mongol language Religious tolerance Encouraged artisan production, secured trade

E. Death of Chinggis & Division of Empire 1226 Chinggis turned East to finish slaughter of any remaining resistance in China; died of battle injury in 1227 Empire divided among 3 sons and grandson, Batu Ogedei (son) named great Khan; directed further expansion Areas of China & Persia common property

Four Khanates of Divided Mongol Empire

II. Mongol Drive West- Russia and Europe The Golden Horde Russia & Europe Batu (Genghis’s grandson) began conquest 1236 Russian princes did not work together-lost Tartars “people from hell” or locusts Kiev resisted (utterly destroyed); Novgorod submitted (spared) Russia in Bondage Princes became vassals paying tribute Peasants forced into serfdom for protection Towns & Trade benefited Moscow arose as Russia’s defender in Battle of Kulikova; Golden Horde defeated

Effects of Mongols on Russian Society – Military Organization – Motive for Political Centralization – Formalized Russia’s Isolation from W. Europe; Renaissance & Reformation – Protected Russia from rising Poland, Lithuania, Hungary Mongol Retreat from Europe – Europeans believed Mongols to be Prester John until 1240 with conquest of Hungary – Death of Ogedei caused Mongol retreat

C. Mongol Assault on Islamic Homeland Hulegu (G. Khan grandson), ruler of the Ilkhan Khanate, captured Baghdad, murdered caliphate in 1258 (remember? End of _______ Empire?) Devastated and terrified Muslim world Mongols defeated 1260 by Egyptian slaves, Mamluks, with assistance of Christians Hulegu returned to central Asia with succession struggle

III. Mongols in China- Part 2 Kubilai Khan, led conquest of Song dynasty 1271 change empire name from Khanate to Yuan Dynasty Limited Mongol interaction with China – Forbade Chinese from learning Mongol script; intermarriage – Military remained separate in traditional tent encampments – Social Order: Mongol, Muslim, North Chinese, Ethnic Chinese – Rebuffed Confucian Scholars, But... Kubilai incorporated Chinese into Mongol culture – Built capital on ancient dynastic centers – Empire used Chinese calendar – Participated in Ancestor Worship

Gender Roles & Chinese Culture Mongol women refused footbinding retained freedom of movement-hunting Retained property rights Kubilai’s wife Chabi, influenced husbands leadership Mongol Tolerance & Patronage Kubilai attracted foreign scholars, artists- (Marco Polo)  Muslim advisors advanced bureaucracy, astronomy, cartography, medicine Insisted on Religious tolerance

Mongol Social Policies & Scholar Resistance Scholars despised Mongols – Refused to reinstate exam system-keep Confucians weak – Moved Artisans, Merchants, Actors up social hierarchy Mongols promoted urban expansion, centers of trade Pursued policies improving Peasants Plight – Increased crop lands – Restored granary system – Reduced peasant tax – Planned public education

D. Fall of Yuan- HOW? Failure of Military excursion Japan, Vietnam hurt INVINCIBILITY reputation Leaders after Kubilai- corrupt, luxurious, Song loyalists, Scholars, Secret Religious Sects organized uprisings By 1350s, Mongols retreated as chaos reigned Peace restored by Ju Yuanzhang, peasant leader, with foundation of Ming dynasty

IV. Mongol Global Connections Taught new methods of warfare Facilitated trade networks Elevated merchants, set precedents of overseas expansion Created wealth, used to support arts Transmission of Bubonic plague from China to Europe