Self-defense Angie + Hadi

What is self-defense? Self defense is a full defense. It excuses you of any charges if it is proven beyond reasonable doubt that the act was done in self defense. Self defense is the right of a person to act in self-defense from an attack or threatened attack [even to the point of killing]. [In the case of murder, add: and with the intention of killing or inflicting grievous bodily harm (or with reckless indifference to human life). This right arises where the person believes that [his/her] … [specify act, for example, stabbing] was necessary in order to defend [himself/herself] and what [the accused] did was a reasonable response in the circumstances as [he/she] perceived them. Although “self-defense” is referred to as a defense, it is for the Crown to eliminate it as an issue by proving beyond reasonable doubt that [the accused’s] … [specify act, for example, stabbing] was not done by [the accused] in self-defense. It may do this by proving beyond reasonable doubt either:

Section 418: Self-defense – when available (1)A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if the person carries out the conduct constituting the offence in self- defence.personoffencepersonconductoffence (2)A person carries out conduct in self-defence if and only if the person believes the conduct is necessary:personconductpersonconduct (a)to defend himself or herself or another person, orperson (b)to prevent or terminate the unlawful deprivation of his or her liberty or the liberty of another person, orperson (c)to protect property from unlawful taking, destruction, damage or interference, orpropertyinterference (d)to prevent criminal trespass to any land or premises or to remove a person committing any such criminal trespass, and the conduct is a reasonable response in the circumstances as he or she perceives them.personconduct

Section 419: Self-defense – onus of proof In any criminal proceedings in which the application of this Division is raised, the prosecution has the onus of proving, beyond reasonable doubt, that the person did not carry out the conduct in self-defence.personconduct

Section 420: Self-defence-not available if death inflicted to protect property or trespass to property This Division does not apply if the person uses force that involves the intentional or reckless infliction of death only:person (a)to protect property, orproperty (b)to prevent criminal trespass or to remove a person committing criminal trespass.person

Section 421: excessive force that inflicts death (1)This section applies if: (a)the person uses force that involves the infliction of death, andperson (b)the conduct is not a reasonable response in the circumstances as he or she perceives them, but the person believes the conduct is necessary:conductpersonconduct (c)to defend himself or herself or another person, orperson (d)to prevent or terminate the unlawful deprivation of his or her liberty or the liberty of another person.person (2)The person is not criminally responsible for murder but, on a trial for murder, the person is to be found guilty of manslaughter if the person is otherwise criminally responsible for manslaughter.

Section 422: self-defense – response to lawful conduct This Division is not excluded merely because: (a)the conduct to which the person responds is lawful, orconductperson (b)the other person carrying out the conduct to which the person responds is not criminally responsible for it.personconductperson

Section 423: offences to which Division applies (1)This Division applies to offences committed before or after the commencement of this Division, except as provided by this section.offences (2)This Division does not apply to an offence if proceedings for the offence (other than committal proceedings) were instituted before the commencement of this Division.offence

Suggested written direction — intoxication [The accused’s] intoxicated state — 1. must be taken into account in determining whether [the accused] believed that [his/her] conduct was necessary to defend [himself/herself]; 2. must be taken into account in determining the circumstances as [the accused] perceived them to be; 3. must not be taken into account in determining whether [his/her] response to those circumstances was reasonable. … [see: R v Katarzynski [2002] NSWSC 613].

Case law: Zecevic v DPP (1987) In this case, the accused killed his neighbour after an argument. The accused argued he believed that the deceased had a knife and a shotgun in his possession, which compelled the accused to go into his unit to retrieve his gun, and as a consequence, shooting his neighbour dead. During the trial the presiding judge withdrew the issue of self- defence, resulting in a conviction. On a successful appeal to the High Court, a retrial was ordered with Dawson and Toohey JJ setting out the requirements for self-defence: “The question to be asked in the end is quite simple. It is whether the accused believed upon reasonable grounds that it was necessary in self-defence to do what he did. If he had that belief and there were reasonable grounds for it, or if the jury is left in reasonable doubt about the matter, then he is entitled to an acquittal. Stated in this form, the question is one of general application and is not limited to cases of homicide.”