Historically Black Colleges and Universities Historically Black Colleges and Universities Rosalind Fuse-Hall Executive Assistant to the Chancellor North Carolina Central University September 19, 2005

Definition of an HBCU Historically Black Colleges and Universities are defined as those that were created before 1964 with the principal mission of educating black Americans and is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association. U.S. Department of Education

Before Reconstruction Under the law of 1762 it was compulsory, moreover, for every master to teach or cause his ward to be taught to read or write. Under the law of 1762 it was compulsory, moreover, for every master to teach or cause his ward to be taught to read or write. Apprenticeship system in North Carolina and responsible for a large literate free Negroes documented in 1850 NC census. Apprenticeship system in North Carolina and responsible for a large literate free Negroes documented in 1850 NC census.

1831 laws were passed against the teaching of slaves laws were passed against the teaching of slaves. Adverse impact on generations of free Negroes Adverse impact on generations of free Negroes John Chavis, Negro intellectual, attended Princeton University and Washington & Lee University in Roanoke, VA John Chavis, Negro intellectual, attended Princeton University and Washington & Lee University in Roanoke, VA

After the Civil War Creation of normal schools Creation of normal schools Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau Oliver Otis Howard Oliver Otis Howard Article IX, Section 2: NC Constitution of 1875 provided for the separate education for the Negro and white children of the state Article IX, Section 2: NC Constitution of 1875 provided for the separate education for the Negro and white children of the state 1890 Morrill Act 1890 Morrill Act

North Carolina Schools 1866 Shaw University 1867 St. Augustine’s 1868 Biddle University 1870 Scotia Seminary 1873 Bennett Seminary 1879 Zion Wesley Institute 1887 Kittrell Industrial Sch Howard School 1890 Agricultural & Mechanical College for the Colored Race 1891 State Colored Normal School 1892 Slater Industrial Academy 1910 National Religious Training School & Chautauqua

Turn of the Century Debate between the need for industrial training schools versus the need for classical training to produce critical thinkers Debate between the need for industrial training schools versus the need for classical training to produce critical thinkers Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. DuBois Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. DuBois

Turn of the Century History of Religious Training School and Chautauqua (NC College for Coloreds, NC College at Durham, NC Central University) History of Religious Training School and Chautauqua (NC College for Coloreds, NC College at Durham, NC Central University) Purpose of higher education Purpose of higher education Teaching Teaching Research Research Service Service

After the WWII Military hailed as the first success of integration. Military hailed as the first success of integration. Adults come to campus with “world view” Adults come to campus with “world view” The Greensboro Four The Greensboro Four Legal Challenges Legal Challenges Plessey v. Ferguson-”Separate but equal” Plessey v. Ferguson-”Separate but equal” Sweatt v. Painter—Admit Negroes to grad sch Sweatt v. Painter—Admit Negroes to grad sch UNC Board of Trustees v. Fraiser UNC Board of Trustees v. Fraiser

Bicentennial Binary 1976 First time HBCUs have to recruit Black students 1976 First time HBCUs have to recruit Black students Success of integration scrutinized Success of integration scrutinized Shape of the River by Bowen & Bok Shape of the River by Bowen & Bok State of HBCUs State of HBCUs

The New Millennium What’s the role of the HBCU? What’s the role of the HBCU? Is this a racist question? Is this a racist question? Hurricane Katrina and its survivors Hurricane Katrina and its survivors 2000 Higher Education Capital Bond Prog Higher Education Capital Bond Prog. Academic Programs Academic Programs Knowledge-based economy Knowledge-based economy Fund-raising Fund-raising

Challenges Take an interinstitutional course at one of the 11 HBCUs in North Carolina Take an interinstitutional course at one of the 11 HBCUs in North Carolina Take advantage of upcoming events Cornell West, Michael Eric Dyson, Derek Bell Take advantage of upcoming events Cornell West, Michael Eric Dyson, Derek Bell

Education remains the key to both economic and political empowerment that is why the schools charged with educating African Americans have, perhaps, the greatest, the deepest challenge of all. -Barbara Jordan, Lawyer and US Congressperson