Review - Communication Process Part 2 - Listening Activity – Active listening

The Communication Process Environment Message Encoded Message Decoded Frame of Frame of L I S T E N R S P E A K R Noise Noise Reference Reference Feedback

Building Speaker Confidence Types of Anxiety Situational – anxiety caused by factors present in a specific speaking situation Trait – internal anxieties an individual brings to the speaking situation

Part 2- Listening What is the difference between hearing and listening? List at least two ways in which you can prepare yourself physically and intellectually to listen to a speech. When you are a listener, how can you encourage a speaker?

Part 2- Listening 5 Stages of Listening 1. Sensing VISUAL VOCAL VERBAL

5 Stages of Listening Sensing– At this stage you listen to what is said (verbally and nonverbally). Improving your listening reception: Focus your attention on the speaker’s verbal and nonverbal messages. Avoid focusing your attention on what you’ll say next; if you begin to rehearse your responses, you’re going to miss what the speaker says next. Avoid distractions in the environment Maintain your role as listener and avoid interrupting.

Part 2- Listening 5 Stages of Listening 1. Sensing 2. Interpreting VISUAL VOCAL VERBAL

5 Stages of Listening Interpreting - After receiving the message, you process it; you extract the meaning from the message. Improve your interpreting/understanding: Avoid assuming you understand what the speaker is going to say before he or she actually says it. Ask questions for clarification, if necessary; ask for additional details or examples if they’re needed. Rephrase (paraphrase) the speaker’s ideas into your own words.

Part 2- Listening 5 Stages of Listening 1. Sensing 2. Interpreting 3. Evaluating VISUAL VOCAL VERBAL

5 Stages of Listening Evaluating- Once you’ve received, understood, and have the message in memory, you need to evaluate it. Resist evaluation until you fully understand the speaker’s point of view. This is not always easy, but it’s always essential. If you put a label on what the speaker is saying (ultraconservative, bleeding-heart liberal), you’ll hear the remainder of the messages through these labels. Distinguish facts from opinions and personal interpretations by the speaker.

Part 2- Listening 5 Stages of Listening 1. Sensing 2. Interpreting 3. Evaluating 4. Responding VISUAL VOCAL VERBAL

5 Stages of Listening Responding – Of course, a speaker expects a response. Support the speaker throughout the speaker’s conversation by using (and varying) listening cues, such as head nods and minimal responses such as “I see” or “mm- hmm.” Own your responses. Take responsibility for what you say. Instead of saying, “Nobody will want to do that” say something like “I don’t want to do that.” Use the anonymity that most social networks allow with discretion. Avoid being a thought-completing listener who listens a little and then finishes the speaker’s thought.

Part 2- Listening 5 Stages of Listening 1. Sensing 2. Interpreting 3. Evaluating 4. Responding VISUAL VOCAL 5. Remembering VERBAL

5 Stages of Listening Remembering – It would help little if you received and understood the message but didn’t remember it. Focus your attention on the central ideas. Avoid focusing on minor details that often lead to detours in listening and in conversation. Organize what you hear; summarize the message in a more easily retained form, but take care not to ignore crucial details or qualifications. Repeat names and key concepts to yourself or, if appropriate, aloud.

Selecting topic, purpose and central idea When a speaker is enthusiastic about his or her ideas, how do listeners usually react? List the six criteria discussed in this chapter for writing a specific purpose statement. What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea? Follow these guidelines: (1) Begin the statement with an infinitive (An infinitive is a verb preceded by to—for example, to write, to read). (2) Include a reference to your audience. (3) Limit the statement to one major idea. (4) Make your statement as precise as possible. (5) Make sure you can achieve your objective in the time allotted. (6) Don't be too technical. specific purpose—exactly what you hope to accomplish in the speech central idea: the one key idea that you want your audience to remember even if they forget everything else in the speech.

Guidelines for Finding a Good Topic Select a topic that… Fits requirements of assignment Showcases your experiences and knowledge Interests you You can make interesting and valuable to your audience

Defining the General Purpose Establish a general purpose to help bring your topic under control. To inform To persuade To entertain

Defining the Specific Purpose What exactly to you want to accomplish in your speech? Topic: Foodborne illnesses General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To tell my listeners how to protect themselves from foodborne illnesses

Defining the Central Idea What exactly to you want your audience to remember from your speech? Topic: Foodborne illnesses General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To tell my listeners how to protect themselves from foodborne illnesses Central Idea: Monitoring food temperatures is a great way to avoid foodborne illnesses

Narrow your topic Let’s use football as an example: Football - Explain divisions / conferences - Explain job of coaching - Explain history - Explain artificial vs. natural turf

Determine the Main Points Brainstorm for possible main points Narrow to 3 – 5 possible main points

Brainstorming Activity Narrow down the following broad subjects to specific, manageable topics: Outdoor recreation Musical groups Illegal drugs Saving money

Understanding Audience Types Friendly Heard you speak before Positive to what you are saying Sold on your topic Speaking to the Friendly Audience Any pattern of organization Audience participation Warm, enthusiastic delivery Verbal and visual supports

Understanding Audience Types Neutral Consider themselves objective Open to new information Looking for logic and facts Speaking to a Neutral Audience Problem-solution organization Controlled, authoritative delivery Expert, non-flashy verbal and visual supports

Understanding Audience Types Uninterested or indifferent Short attention span Wish they were somewhere else Will be polite but probably will take a “mental holiday” Speaking to an Uninterested Audience Three-point or brief organization Dynamic, entertaining delivery Humorous, colorful, and powerful verbal and visual supports

Understanding Audience Types Hostile Predisposed to dislike you or your topic This audience is the greatest challenge Speaking to a Hostile Audience Topical, time, or spatial organization Calm, controlled delivery Objective, expert supports; avoid narratives and humor

How to Use Audience Information Determine evidence and emotional appeals Select visual aids and attention-getters Improve credibility Relate topic to audience Motivate and persuade

Timed Speech Activity My car (10 sec) What you had for breakfast/lunch (30 sec) Your job (1 min) What do you want to do when you graduate? (1.5 min)