Tània Verge Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona, Catalonia) Lessons from Catalonia and Spain Constitutional Futures Seminar Session.

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Presentation transcript:

Tània Verge Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona, Catalonia) Lessons from Catalonia and Spain Constitutional Futures Seminar Session II: Constitutions, Quotas and Women’s Political Representation University of Edinburgh February 2013

Outline Quotas and trends in women's representation in Catalonia and Spain How were gains achieved? Constitutional change as a window of opportunity

Quotas and trends in women's representation in Catalonia and Spain Socioeconomic and cultural explanations on levels of women’s representation: Bad projection Still, women’s representation has raised from 5% (late 1970s) to parity levels (2011). “Incremental track”: Party quotasSuccessful implementationContagion effectStatutory quotaParity

Women’s representation in parliament 2007 state-wide statutory quota

From party quotas to electoral quotas

Constitutional change as a window of opportunity (I) Parity is not yet taken for granted. Strenght of feminist demands: Left-wing parties make 40% of seats in current parliament. Women’s movement not mobilised yet. Cross-sectional platforms? Short-term “national transition” political agenda: Council for the National Transition: Gender composition? Electoral law: District size? Mixed system? Open lists? Equality law: Feminist demands?

How were gains achieved Practical institutions (Party quotas + highly centralized party organizations + contagion) Systemic institutions (PR closed party lists + effective sanctions for non- compliance) Normative institutions (Politics of presence and equality of results + support of the Constitutional Court) Source: Based on Krook (2009); Kenny & Verge (2013); Verge (2012). PARITY

Constitutional change as a window of opportunity (II) Introduce parity as a public good in the new constitution and laws Expand reach on cabinets, corporate boards… Influence on which electoral engineering (type of system, district size, type of lists + type of quota!) grants more positive gender outcomes. Establish a whole set of progressive gender equality policies + mainstreaming through all new legislative corps Yet, “new” policies “nested” in “old” institutions… (Kenny and Mackay 2009).

The Catalan “national transition” 11 Sept 2012

Catalans’ support for secession

Left-wing parties’ voters and support for secession

References Kenny, Meryl, and Fiona Mackay “Already Doin’ It for Ourselves? Skeptical Notes on Feminism and Institutionalism.” Politics & Gender 5(2): Kenny, Meryl, and Tània Verge (2013). “Decentralization, Political Parties and Women’s Representation: Evidence from Spain and Britain”. Publius: The Journal of Federalism 43(1): Krook, Mona L. (2009). Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. New York: Oxford University Press. Verge, Tània “Institutionalising Gender Equality in Spain: Incremental Steps from Party to Legal Quotas.” West European Politics 35(2): Public opinion data: Centre d’Estudis d’Opinió (2012).