Algorithms IV: Top-Down Design Topics more pseudocode problem solving strategies Home-Exercise: The Box Home-Exercise: Drawing a Rectangle Reading None

Pseudocode and Then Some We can write an algorithm for finding the average of two integers: 1. Get an integer, <num1>, from the user 2. Get an integer, <num2>, from the user 3. <Sum> = <num1> + <num2> 4. <average> = <sum> / 2 5. Display “The average of “ <num1> “ and ” <num2> “ is ” <average> Steps 1, 2 & 5 will make use of code found in the run-time library.

Investigating Steps 1 & 5 Get an integer, <num1>, from the user Display “The average = “ <average>. Are these really single steps? Each of them is really a sequence of steps, a subprogram. Two kinds of subprograms: Functions - an answer is returned to the main program. Procedures - no answer returned to the main program

Functions and Procedures In our example, the function that gets a value from the user and the procedure that prints out the answer were already written. Many times it is necessary for us to write our own procedures or functions.

Problem Solving Strategies If we look at the problem as a whole; it may seem impossible, because it is so complex. Complex problems can be solved using a Top-Down approach aka Stepwise refinement Break the problem into parts Then break the parts into parts Soon each of the parts will be easy to do

Advantages of Top-down Design Breaking the problem down into parts helps us to clarify what needs to be done. At each step of refinement, the new parts become less complicated and therefore easier to figure out. What if you’ve broken a problem down as much as you can and you still don’t know? Missing information More detail is needed

A Practical Example Scenario: We own a home improvement company We do painting, roofing and basement waterproofing A section of town has recently had flooding We want to send out waterproofing pamphlets to our customers in that area

Our Algorithm Get the customer list from a file Sort the list according to zipcode Make a new file of only the customers with the zipcode 21222 from the sorted customer list Print an envelope for each customer in the new file

Single steps ? None of our steps are single steps Employ Top-Down Design Start with the large idea and break into large parts Each part will end up being a function or a procedure

Pseudocode for our Main Program Call <Get Customer List> Call <Sort on customer list> by zipcode Call <Make Target List> from customer list using only zipcode 21222 Call <Print Envelopes> using target list

The Next Step Write algorithms for each of the functions or procedures. These may include steps that are really several steps, too. Give names to these new functions and procedures. Write algorithms for them. Continue this process until done.

Structured Programs Top-down design will be used for all of our programming projects This is the standard way of writing programs. Programs produced using this method and using only the 3 kinds of structures, sequential, selection and repetition are called structured programs. Structured programs are easier to modify later and also easier for other programmers to understand.

Another Example Problem: Write a program that draws this picture of a house.

The Algorithm Draw the outline of the house Draw the chimney Draw the door and doorknob Draw the windows

Similarities All three windows are identical. They are simply in different positions. We can write a function called <DrawWindow> that will draw one window at a position we specify and call it 3 times with the three different positions. Another benefit of Top-down design is reuseability. We are reusing the code for <DrawWindow>.

The Pseudocode Call <DrawHouseOutline> giving a position Call <DrawChimney> giving position Call <DrawDoor> giving position Call <DrawWindow> giving position #1 Call <DrawWindow> giving position #2 Call <DrawWindow> giving position #3

Problem Solving Techniques We have investigated three problem solving techniques: Multiple attacks Working backwards Top-down design

Writing Algorithms from Scratch Do the following 2 projects as exercises at home: Given a problem statement, write the corresponding generic algorithm for the solution. Use the following procedure: Determine the algorithm inputs and outputs Pseudocode a rough algorithm Complete the pseuodocode

The Box Problem: Write an interactive program to compute and display the volume and surface area of a box. The program must also display the box dimensions. Error checking should be done to be sure that all box dimensions are greater than zero.

Drawing a Rectangle Problem: Write an interactive program that will draw a solid rectangle of asterisks (*). The program must also display the dimensions of the rectangle. Error checking must be done to be sure that the dimensions are greater than zero.