خدمات DHCP, DNS & IIS نظم تشغيل 1.

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Presentation transcript:

خدمات DHCP, DNS & IIS نظم تشغيل 1

المحتوى 1 DHCP 1 DNS 2 3 IIS Other NOS Services 4

الخدمات التالي الملقم = الخادم = server

Services windows 2008 server

أنواع عناوين IP ثابتة / ساكنة Static عناوين يتم تعيينها يدويا ولا تتغير بمرور الوقت ديناميكية Dynamic عناوين يتم تعيينها تلقائيا لفترة محددة من الوقت ويمكن أن تتغير التكوين اليدوي Manual configuration منح كل جهاز يدويا عنوان IP مناسب وقناع الشبكة الفرعية التكوين الديناميكي Dynamic configuration خادم (DHCP) يقوم بتعيين عناوين IP تلقائيا إلى مضيفي الشبكة.

+ = DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP: هو بروتوكول لتعيين عناوين IP ديناميكية لأجهزة على الشبكة Server + DHCP = DHCP Server

كيف يخصص DHCP server عناوين IP 1 3 DHCP Server 4 DHCP Database 2 DHCP Client1: IP configuration from DHCP server IP Address1: Leased to DHCP Client2 IP Address2: Leased to DHCP Client3 IP Address3: Available to be leased خادم DHCP يتلقى طلبا request)) من المضيف. 1 الخادم يختار عنوان IP من قاعدة بيانات. 2 الخادم يقدم العنوان IP إلى المضيف. 3 إذا قبل المضيف العرض، يؤجر leases)) له الخادم عنوان IP لفترة محددة من الزمن. 4

مزايا DHCP يسهل إدارة شبكة يقلل من إمكانية تعيين عناوين مكررة أو غير صالحة يضمن أن العملاء يستخدمون دائما معلومات التكوين configuration information الصحيح لعناوين IP يتم تحديث تكوين العميل Client configuration تلقائيا لتعكس التغيرات في هيكل الشبكة network structure Slide 24 – DHCP Process and Advantages 8.3.3 Define DHCP The DHCP server receives a request from a host. The server then selects IP address information from a set of predefined addresses that are stored in a database. Once the IP address information is selected, the DHCP server offers these values to the requesting host on the network. If the host accepts the offer, the DHCP server leases the IP address for a specific period of time. Using a DHCP server simplifies the administration of a network because the software keeps track of IP addresses. Automatically configuring TCP/IP also reduces the possibility of assigning duplicate or invalid IP addresses. For a computer on the network to take advantage of the DHCP server services, the computer must be able to identify the server on the local network. A computer can be configured to accept an IP address from a DHCP server by selecting the "Obtain an IP address automatically" option in the NIC configuration window. If your computer cannot communicate with the DHCP server to obtain an IP address, the Windows operating system will automatically assign a private IP address. If your computer is assigned an IP address in the range of 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255, you computer will only be able to communicate with other computers in the same range. An example of when these private addresses would be useful is in a classroom lab where you wish to prevent access outside of your network. This operating system feature is called Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA). APIPA will continually request an IP address from a DHCP server for your computer.

DHCP DHCP automatically provides computers with an IP address. The DHCP server can assign these to hosts: IP address Subnet mask Default gateway (DNS) server address Slide 23 – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 8.3.3 Define DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a software utility used to dynamically assign IP addresses to network devices. This dynamic process eliminates the need for manually assigning IP addresses. A DHCP server can be set up and the hosts can be configured to automatically obtain an IP address. When a computer is set to obtain an IP address automatically, all of the other IP addressing configuration boxes are dimmed. The server maintains a list of IP addresses to assign, and manages the process so that every device on the network receives a unique IP address. Each address is held for a predetermined amount of time. When the time expires, the DHCP server can use this address for any computer that joins the network. This is the IP address information that a DHCP server can assign to hosts includes: IP address Subnet mask Default gateway Optional values, such as a Domain Name System (DNS) server address

مجال Scope DHCP مجال scope)) هو مجموعة من عناوين IP المتوفرة التي سيتم استئجارها LAN A DHCP Server Scope A خصائص المجال - الاسم Name - الوصف Description - نطاق Range - الاستثناءات - مدة الاستئجار - الحجز Reservation مثال 192.168.2.60  192.168.2.180

الحجز Reservation Subnet A Workstation 1 DHCP Server Workstation 2 Print Server IP Address1: Leased to Workstation 1 IP Address2: Leased to Workstation 2 IP Address3: Reserved for Print Server الحجز هو عنوان IP معين، ضمن مجال، محجوز دائما لعميل DHCP معين A workstation is a high-end microcomputer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems. The term workstation has also been used to refer to a mainframe computer terminal or a PC connected to a network. Both being microcomputers, workstations had offered higher performance than desktop computers, especially with respect to CPU and graphics, memory capacity, and multitasking capability. They are optimized for the visualization and manipulation of different types of complex data such as 3D mechanical design, engineering simulation (e.g. computational fluid dynamics), animation and rendering of images, and mathematical plots. Typically, consoles consist of a high resolution display, a keyboard and a mouse at a minimum, but also offer multiple displays, graphics tablets, 3D mice (devices for manipulating 3D objects and navigating scenes), etc. Workstations are the first segment of the computer market to present advanced accessories and collaboration tools. Presently, the workstation market is highly commoditized and is dominated by large PC vendors, such as Dell and HP, selling Microsoft Windows/Linux running on Intel Xeon/AMD Opteron. Alternative UNIX based platforms are provided by Apple Inc.

مثال DHCP Scope Name الإسم Description الوصف Range النطاق Range Lab31 الإسم Description This Scope is for Lab31 الوصف Range 192.168.2.60  192.168.2.180 النطاق Range Exclusions 192.168.2.85 192.168.2.90  192.168.2.105 الإستثنائات Lease Duration 6 Days 2 Hours 55 Second مدة اللإستئجار Reservation Print Server 192.168.2.70 الحجز

كيفية تثبيت خدمة DHCP Add/Remove Windows Components Networking Services (DNS) (DHCP)

Windows 2008 server DHCP role

كيفية إدارة خدمة DHCP Pool = تجمع

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS Comp1.gotevot.edu. ( “.” Root) Other top-level domains Edu Com Org Root domain Child domain Parent domain Org Edu Other top-level domains Com ( “.” Root) gotevot payroll accounts Comp1.gotevot.edu. Payroll =كشوف المرتبات Accounts = حسابات Comp1

DNS Root Domain Subdomains Second-Level Domain Top-Level Domain south tvtc com sales west east org net

The DNS Suffix Server_1.gotevot.edu. Server_3. Technical.gotevot.edu. “.” Root gotevot Technical Server_1.gotevot.edu. DNS Suffix Host Name Server_3. Technical.gotevot.edu. DNS Suffix Host Name

DNS

DNS

+ = DNS Domain Name System (Service) DNS: resolve computer names to IP addresses. Server + B DNS = A 192.168.2.182 DNS Server DNS Service Ping A.tech.com

كيف يتم تحويل الأسماء إلى عناوين IP Name Resolution Service 192.168.1.200 Computer44 Where is the Computer44 file? 1 2 3

The Host Name Resolution Process Host name resolution is the process of resolving a host name to an IP address What is the IP address for Salescomputer2? computer2 1 2 3 192.168.1.35 Client Resolver Cache/Hosts File DNS NetBIOS Name Cache WINS Broadcast Lmhost File Client Resolver Cache/Hosts File ipconfig /displaydns The command to display a client resolver cache. The ipconfig /displaydns command provides you with a means to view the contents of the DNS client resolver cache, which includes entries preloaded from the local Hosts file, as well as any recently obtained resource records for name queries resolved by the system. This information is used by the DNS Client service to quickly resolve frequently queried names before it queries its configured DNS servers. When the ipconfig /displaydns command is used to display current resolver cache contents, the resultant output generally includes the local host and loopback IP address (127.0.0.1) mappings. This is because these mappings typically exist in the default (unmodified) contents of the local Hosts file. After you can add host mapping entries to the local Hosts file and save the file, these entries are added to the displayed output of this command. The resolver cache can also support negative caching of unresolved or non-valid DNS names. These entries are added by the DNS Client service when it receives a negative answer from a DNS server for a queried name. The negative result is cached for a short period of time so that it is not again queried, which could cause query performance problems. During DNS troubleshooting, you can flush and reset the cache to discard negative entries from the cache and any other dynamically added entries that were not preloaded. Although the ipconfig command is provided for earlier versions of Windows, the /displaydns option is only available for use on computers running Windows 2000, Windows XP, or Windows Server 2003 operating systems. The NetBIOS name cache contains every NetBIOS name that was recently associated with an IP address. This local cache helps reduce network traffic by eliminating the need for broadcasting or WINS queries, it can simpling start communicating with the host. The local NetBIOS cache can be viewed with the NBTSTAT.EXE command. each computer in the network having both an IP address and a NetBIOS name corresponding to a (possibly different) host name. Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) is Microsoft's implementation of NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS), a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names. Effectively, WINS is to NetBIOS names what DNS is to domain names هو الملف Lmhosts هو ملف نصي محلي يعين عناوين بروتوكول إنترنت (IP) لأسماء NetBIOS من الملقمات البعيدة التي تريد الاتصال بها عبر بروتوكول TC يقع الملف Lmhosts في المجلد %SystemRoot%\System32\Drivers\Etc على جهاز كمبيوتر Windows. يوجد نموذج لملف Lmhosts (Lmhosts.sam) أيضا في هذا المجلد. يتعرف Windows على أسماء بدلاً من عناوين IP لطلبات شبكة الاتصال وتستخدم عملية اكتشاف اسم لتوجيه طلبات شبكة الاتصال مع TCP/IP بشكل صحيح. لأنه بشكل عام يتم توجيه عملية الاكتشاف اسم لا بجهاز توجيه IP، يسمح الملف Lmhosts أجهزة كمبيوتر Windows للاتصال باستخدام TCP/IP عبر شبكة فرعية وصل بجهاز توجيه IP. ضمن TCP/IP وحدها، يتحقق NetBT (NetBIOS عبر TCP/IP) هذه القائمة في الذاكرة قبل أن تقوم باكتشاف اسم عقده b. على سبيل المثال، يتم تحويل مرجع إلى \\Eric للإشارة إلى عنوان IP الفعلي الخاص 135.25.25.14 (هذا عنوان خيالية). نموذج للملف Lmhosts 142.25.125.15 جو #PRE 129.102.12.10 بول #PRE 148.107.16.45 جيمس 135.25.25.14 إريك #PRE 133.120.26.225 كريم 192.36.14.250 اد #PRE 221.250.05.126 ماكي ملاحظة: كافة العناوين تكون خيالية. عند تحميل Windows، فإنه يقرأ إدخالات المائة الأولى، بشكل افتراضي، في الملف Lmhosts عليها #PRE. يمكنك زيادة عدد إدخالات #PRE التي سيتم تحميل إلى الذاكرة عند تسجيل الدخول عن طريق إضافة إدخال ماكسبريلواد في التسجيل. يجب إضافة هذا الإدخال إلى مفتاح التسجيل التالي: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\CurrentControlSet\Services\NetBT\Parameters يعتمد الحد الأقصى المسموح به ماكسبريلواد على أداء النظام. بعض أجهزة الكمبيوتر غير قادرة على تحليل أو البحث من خلال أكثر من إدخالات في الملف Lmhosts من غيرها. استناداً إلى أداء النظام، وعادة ما يبحث Windows من خلال إدخالات حوالي 1000 قبل انقضاء المهلة (15 ثانية). عودة إلى الأعلى P/IP.

How Preferred and Alternate DNS Servers Work 3. Optionally, you can enter a whole list of alternate DNS servers 1. The preferred DNS server is the one that the client tries first 4. The preferred and alternate DNS servers specified on the Properties page automatically appear at the top of this list, and preferred and alternate servers are queried in the order they are listed 2. If the preferred server fails, the client tries the alternate DNS server

خدمات الواب الواب يقوم على نموذج خادم – عميل العملاء يحاولون تأسيس جلسات TCP مع خوادم الواب يمكن للعميل طلب بيانات من الخادم HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol يدير طلبات العميل و تحويلات الخادم على شبكة الإنترنت يتضمن برنامج العميل متصفحات الويب ، مثل Netscape Navigator و Internet Explorer.

Intranet الشبكات الداخلية Intranet تستخدم نفس التكنولوجيا التي تستخدمها شبكة الإنترنت، بما في ذلك HTTP على TCP / IP، خوادم الويب، والعملاء على شبكة الإنترنت. الفرق بين إنترانت وشبكة الإنترنت هو أن الشبكات الداخلية لا تسمح وصول العموم إلى خوادم خاصة. يمكن لمستخدمي الموقع فقط الوصول إلى خوادم الشبكة الداخلية. للتأكد من أن العموم لا يمكنهم الوصول يستخدم الإنترانت جدار الحماية Firewall.

Extranet يتم تكوين الشبكات الخارجية للسماح للموظفين والعملاء للوصول إلى شبكة خاصة عبر الإنترنت لمنع وصول غير المصرح به إلى الشبكة الخاصة، يجب على مصممي الشبكة الخارجية استخدام تكنولوجيا مثل الشبكات الخاصة الافتراضية. Virtual Private Networking. Branch Office LAN LAN Web Server Server VPN Remote User Wireless User Internet

Extranet برمجيات التشفير أسماء المستخدمين كلمات السر VPNs تعتمد على : Branch Office LAN LAN Web Server Server VPN Remote User Wireless User Internet

Web Server Apache IIS IIS هو خادم ويب من شركة مايكروسوفت، بدأ مع نظام ويندوز إن تي 4، يعرف بقوته وسرعته وندرة مشاكله مع امان كبير. يأتي IIS في المرتبة الثانية من حيث الاستعمال بعد خادم Apache هدا الأخير الدي عرف تراجعا هائلا في السنوات الأخيرة ضد غريمه IIS.

متطلبات IIS خدمة DNS مثبتة على جهاز كمبيوتر في الشبكة الداخلية لأغراض أمنية Microsoft توصي بنظام الملفات NTFS Microsoft FrontPage لإنشاء وتحرير صفحات HTML لموقع الويب الخاص بك

Add/Remove Windows Components Application server Internet Information Services

Windows 2008 server DNS role

Other NOS Services Remote Access Mail. Printing. File Sharing. Script Services.

Remote Access Remote Desktop Connection Telnet

Mail POP3, IMAP Mail Server Receiving Client Sending SMTP

Printing When a user decides to print in a networked printing environment, the job is sent to the appropriate queue for the selected printer. Print queues the incoming print jobs and service them using a "First In, First Out" (FIFO) order. 1 2 3 4 5

File Sharing Within a corporate or home network, files are typically shared using the Network File Sharing (NFS) Protocol. On the internet is often done using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

What Are Published Shared Folders? A published shared folder is a shared folder object in Active Directory Clients can search Active Directory for shared folders that are published Clients do not need to know the name of the server to connect to a shared folder

How to Publish a Shared Folder On the Client Computer XP

How to Search for Publish a Shared Folder On the Client Computer XP

Scripts Services Scripts are considered to be much simpler than the standard programs and applications found in a NOS. The operating system sequentially processes the lines of code in a script file whenever the file is run. Most scripts are designed to execute from the top of the file to the bottom without requiring any input from the user. Many different scripting languages exist, and each offers their own advantages to the user: Visual Basic script (VBScript) JavaScript Linux shell scripting Perl, PHP. ASP, ASP.Net XML, JSP

Automating Tasks with Scripts Services Most average NOS users will not create and execute their own scripts. The majority of scripting is performed by system administrators and experienced users. The following examples show common scenarios where scripts are an appropriate solution: Printing messages to the screen Installing software Automating complex commands Automate administrative tasks

Conclusion Network Services: Remote Access. Directory Service Mail. Printing. File Sharing. Script Services. DNS. DHCP. Web Services.

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