Learning Intention In order to examine the morality of genetic engineering & embryo research, we must first understand what an embryo is and what a stem cell is. Success Criteria I can: explain what an embryo is. explain what a stem cell is.

A human embryo is a human offspring in the early stages following conception up to the end of the eighth week, after which it is classified as a foetus. Study Card 1 At 8 weeks the embryo is about the size of a grape.

Cells that can be found in embryos, umbilical cords and bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells are unspecialised or undifferentiated - they can renew themselves and have the potential to change and can usually become any type of cell Adult stem cells are specialised or differentiated and can only become one type of cell. Study Card 2 Stem cells

In your jotter write today’s date and answer the following questions in sentences. What is an embryo? What is the difference between an adult stem cell and an embryonic stem cell? Where are stem cells found in the body? Have you met the success criteria of this lesson?

Learning Intention: Understand what is meant by ‘Genetic Engineering’ Why it is a moral issue Success Criteria I can: Give a definition of genetic engineering Give reasons why genetic engineering & embryo research is a moral issue.

Genetic Engineering Definition: Genetic Engineering is the manipulation of the genetic material of an organism. Study Card 3

Some people see genetic engineering as selective breeding (Darwin’s theory of evolution), 21st Century style. Study Card 4 FROM THIS…

…TO THIS Human genetic engineering has several moral issues and raises fundamental questions about the value of human life.

Why GE is a moral issue When does a human life actually begin? GE raises basic questions about the value of human life. Some see the use of embryos for research as murder. There is concern that GE could be misused eg designer babies or growing ‘spare parts’. Poorer people in society could be exploited eg being paid for sperm & egg donations. It could lead to problems in society giving some an unfair advantage over others. In Time Study Card 5

In your jotter write today’s date and answer the following questions in sentences. 1. Give a definition of genetic engineering 2. Give 4 reasons why genetic engineering & embryo research is a moral issue. Have you met the success criteria of this lesson?

Learning Intention We will find out about: the law in the UK regarding embryo research & genetic engineering. the governing body in the UK regarding GE. Success Criteria I can: explain the law in the UK regarding GE explain the guidelines governing research & criticisms of them.

Research is only allowed up to 14 days of embryo development The Law in the UK Research is only allowed up to 14 days of embryo development Frozen embryos must be destroyed after 5 years All licences must come from HFEA Only therapeutic cloning is allowed Consequences of breaking the law include fine or prison. Study Card HFEA (Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority) is the government regulatory body for GE in the UK. HFEA Guidelines HFEA states life should be respected at all stages. Research on embryos is only allowed up to 14 days of development. Frozen embryos can only be stored for up to 5 years. Study Card 6

What are the criticisms of HFEA Guidelines? Guidelines are not strict enough Rules on guidance for developing treatments are too vague Some believe abuses of GE can still happen Study Card What are the responses to the criticisms of HFEA? If rules were too strict then research and therefore cures would be limited The UK could fall behind research in other countries leading to financial loss Study Card 7

In your jotter write today’s date and answer the following questions in sentences. What is the law in the UK regarding GE? What is the governing body that regulates GE in the UK? What are the guidelines of this governing body? Give 2 criticisms to the guidelines. Give 2 responses to these criticisms. Have you met the success criteria of this lesson?

Learning Intention We will now examine some Case Studies Success Criteria I can: give examples how embryo research can help some people. describe some of the ethical issues surrounding embryo research.

Case Study 1 Janice's Story Put today’s date and after watching the clip answer the following questions in your jotter. What disorder does Janice suffer from? What is the cause of Janice’s disease? What are her main symptoms? How has it affected Janice’s life? Where do they embryos that the scientists use come from? What type of cells are used from the embryo? How can this help Janice? Which ethical issues are mentioned connected with therapeutic cloning? 2. Janice’s Story What disorder does Janice suffer from? Nero-degenerative disorder – brain deteriorating What is the cause of Janice’s disease? Hereditary What are her main symptoms? Speech How has it affected Janice’s life? Has had to give up work Where do they embryos that the scientists use come from? Leftover from IVF What type of cells are used from the embryo? Embryonic stem cells How can this help Janice? New ‘apprentice cells’ could be put into her brain to repair damage Which ethical issues are mentioned connected with therapeutic cloning? Destruction of large numbers of embryos (but would they have been destroyed anyway?); some see it as murder or devaluing human life; is next step producing whole humans?

Case Study 2 Lorna's Story After watching the clip answer the following questions in sentences. What disease does Lorna suffer from? How many pills a year does Lorna take? How does Lorna’s illness affect her? What is the cause of her disease? What treatment do scientists hope to develop to help sufferers of Lorna’s disease?

Have you met the success criteria of this lesson? Case Study 3 Jamie's Story Answer the following questions in sentences. 1. What are Jamie’s disabilities? 2. What is thought to have caused Jamie’s disabilities? 3. Is there any cure for Jamie? 4. What affect has this had on his parents? 5. What is Jamie’s father’s wish? 6. What are your feelings about Jamie’s father’s wish? Have you met the success criteria of this lesson? What are Jamie’s disabilities? Physically perfect but severely brain damaged What is thought to have caused Jamie’s disabilities? Epilepsy from complications at birth Is there any cure for Jamie? Short of a brain transplant, no What affect has this had on his parents? Devastated; mother feels like it is a death What is Jamie’s father’s wish? To clone Jamie to have ‘the boy he didn’t have’ ?? What are your feelings about Jamie’s father’s wish?

Learning Intention Understand Therapeutic Cloning and the benefits & dangers of it. Success Criteria I can: describe Therapeutic Cloning list some benefits of Therapeutic Cloning list some dangers of Therapeutic Cloning

Alternative to EMBRYO use Therapeutic Cloning Definition: the use of human embryonic stem cells (hES cells) to create identical human tissue of some description. Study Card 8 Properly referred to as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), this does not create babies but stem cells for therapeutic use. Therapeutic cloning involves taking a cell from the patient who needs some kind of medical help and fusing it with an 'empty' ovum. This is stimulated and normal growth begins. The stem cells are taken from the developing embryo and the embryo destroyed. These stem cells can then be used to create any kind of tissue, from skin to brain cells. NOT A WHOLE PERSON Alternative to EMBRYO use

BENEFITS OF THERAPEUTIC CLONING Only stem cells from the embryo are used; the embryo is destroyed before the 14 day limit so embryo doesn’t suffer. Stem cells are no more morally important than other cells. Using the same DNA as the patient means less chance of transplant rejection Solves the problem of shortage of organ donors It could benefit those requiring tissue replacement Many illnesses we can’t treat at moment may benefit in the research process It is no different to any other medical technique eg antibiotics Study Card 9

DANGERS OF THERAPEUTIC CLONING Risks of what could happen eg designer babies, clone farms There could be medical dangers such as new viruses or mutations Is illness a way of nature controlling population? The costs may not be justified; could the money be used for a better reason? Does a cloned embryo have rights? Study Card 10

In your jotter write today’s date and answer the following questions in sentences. What is the definition of Therapeutic Cloning List 4 benefits of Therapeutic Cloning List 4 dangers of Therapeutic Cloning Have you met the success criteria of this lesson?

Learning Intention Understand Reproductive Cloning and the benefits & dangers of it. Success Criteria I can: describe Reproductive Cloning list some benefits of Reproductive Cloning list some dangers of Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning. Definition: production of individual(s) that is identical to donor plant or animal. DNA from an embryo is removed and replaced with donor DNA. Study Card 11 BENEFITS OF REPRODUCTIVE CLONING Helps childless couples Saviour sibling (genetic matching to help ill children) Replacing a lost child Source of spare organs Clone armies for dangerous jobs Since we have the technology, it should be used to benefit people with illnesses Study Card 12

DANGERS OF REPRODUCTIVE CLONING Should we ‘play God’? We could become a society of ‘originals’ v ‘clones’ (eg Gattaca movie) Is it morally right to ‘harvest’ organs? (eg The Island movie) Would it only be rich people that could benefit? Could a couple justify cloning? Could there be mutations? How would a cloned child feel? (eg Never Let Me Go movie) Study Card 13

In your jotter write today’s date and answer the following questions in sentences. Describe Reproductive Cloning What is the difference between Reproductive Cloning and Therapeutic Cloning? Give 4 benefits of Reproductive Cloning. Give 4 dangers of Reproductive Cloning. Have you met the success criteria of this lesson?

Learning Intention We will now learn about three different types of Genetic Engineering. Success Criteria I can: Describe 3 types of genetic engineering Give the benefits & dangers of them

THREE TYPES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING (Int 2) Somatic Genetic Engineering (Somatic Gene Transfer Therapy) Definition: Involves altering the DNA structure. Cells with defective genes are removed or a new gene is injected or inhaled. This is currently used to treat illnesses such as diabetes and cystic fibrosis. Study Card 14 BENEFITS OF SOMATIC GENE TRANSFER THERAPY It is non-invasive (i.e. no surgery) It is only ‘medicine’ at a genetic level The altered cells only affect the patient; the new cells cannot be passed on- gene therapy on gametes (sex cells which can be passed on is currently banned) Study Card 15

DANGERS OF SOMATIC GENE TRANSFER THERAPY Altered viral vectors may mutate and cause unexpected problems – currently viral vectors are modified to prevent this Its limitations include only treating the symptoms and not the cause Only treats the individual sufferer Study Card 16

2. Germline Therapy Definition: Involves altering DNA. Similar to Somatic in that unhealthy genes are changed to healthy ones. The difference is, it is the gametes (sex cells) that are altered and these can be passed on. This treatment is currently banned. Study Card 17 BENEFITS OF GERMLINE THERAPY It allows genetic disorders to be eradicated (wiped out) It is relatively safe Study Card 18

DANFERS OF GERMLINE THERAPY Does anyone have the right to manipulate genetic information without the consent of those who will be affected i.e. future generations? No-one knows what effect the modified gametes may have on future generations. Healthy DNA would have to come from a donor; 3 parents? Many argue it is start of designer babies Some scientists believe it could be the start of 2 species i.e. genetically modified people v non-modified. Study Card 19

3. Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis and Selection (PGD) Definition: the use of embryos through IVF (in vitro fertilisation). It can be used in families with known inherited genetic disorders. No manipulation of embryo is currently allowed so once screened, faulty embryos are discarded. HFEA regulates this process however each case is evaluated on its own merits. Study Card 20 BENEFITS OF PGD Stops children being born with inherited illnesses Would cut down on the number of late abortions Allows the birth of ‘saviour siblings’ Study Card 21

DANGERS OF PGD Can lead to the destruction of embryos, ‘playing God’ Could lead to designer babies Relies on HFEA deciding which illnesses can be treated; does this devalue people whose illness is not considered worthy enough? The procedure is complicated and risky Would a ‘saviour sibling’ feel devalued as it was only born to help ill sibling? Some believe abortion is wrong and PGD may increase the number of abortions. Study Card 22

In your jotter write today’s date and answer the following questions in sentences. Briefly describe Somatic Genetic Engineering, Germline Therapy & PGD highlighting the differences between them. Give 2 benefits & 2 dangers for each. Have you met the success criteria of this lesson?

Learning Intention We will learn what rights an embryo currently has and why these rights are main points of concern in the issue of GE. Success Criteria I can: describe what rights an embryo currently has. explain why it is an area of concern.

The Rights of the Embryo Current situation: Embryo has no rights up to 14 days of development It has limited rights after 14 days Can be aborted up to the 24th week After the 24th week it has full human rights as by then it is considered a viable life. Study Card 23

The issue of the rights of the embryo is one of the main points of concern. It raises the following points: When does an embryo become a person? If an embryo is seen as a person it changes its status or its importance. If it is a person then to kill it is murder. If it is a person then it is entitled to human rights. Study Card 24

IN FAVOUR OF EMBRYO RESEARCH Some argue an embryo is not a person so it is morally justifiable to sacrifice it for the benefits of others. Study Card 25 CONCERNED OR AGAINST EMBRYO RESEARCH Many believe rights begin at conception (when embryo is fertilised by sperm) We don’t use adults for research without their consent, why should it be okay to use embryos especially as it can’t speak for itself? Religious people argue that an embryo is a being in the ‘image of God’ and should be given the full protection of the law. Non-religious people may argue that if we treat embryos differently from all other life forms, we are taking risks with what is morally justifiable. Study Card 26

In your jotter write today’s date and answer the following questions in sentences. Describe what rights an embryo currently has. Explain why it is an area of concern. Give 1 reason why some people are not concerned about embryo research and 2 reasons why some people are. Which opinion do you agree most with and why? Have you met the success criteria of this lesson?

Learning Intention We will learn what ‘meddling with nature’ means and why some people have concerns about it. Success Criteria I can: Explain why some people see GE as ‘meddling with nature’ and are concerned about it.

Study Card 27 SOME BELIEVE GENETIC ENGINEERING IS MEDDLING WITH NATURE Altering genetic information is currently only used for treating diseases but could lead to people choosing things like intelligence in the future where some people are valued more than others. Natural sexual reproduction produces variety; GE may lead to humans (as a species) being too similar who then may not be able to adapt to even the slightest change in the environment. What responses might Nature make to a genetically modified world; it has a way of levelling things out? What mistakes might be made in the future? Should we be allowed to choose our future? Study Card 27

In your jotter write today’s date and answer the following questions in sentences. Give 4 reasons why some people are concerned GE is ‘meddling with nature’. Do you agree with these concerns? Give reasons for your answer. Have you met the success criteria of this lesson?

VIEWPOINTS On Embryo Research & Genetic Engineering   VIEWPOINTS On Embryo Research & Genetic Engineering

Learning Intention We will now examine religious and secular viewpoints on GE & embryo research. Success Criteria I can: compare and contrast religious and secular viewpoints on GE & embryo research. explain which viewpoint I agree most with and why.

MEDICAL SCIENTISTS ARGUMENTS FOR GE Scientists define an embryo as a fertilised egg from 14days until 8 weeks so has no feelings etc. If life does not begin at conception then all that is being destroyed is a collection of cells It could help get rid of diseases such as cancer, heart disease, Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s. Study Card 28 RESPONSES If life begins at conception then it could be seen as murder Scientists might use GE to create designer babies Clones might be used simply to provide spare parts Only the rich would be able to afford it This will lead to human life being devalued Study Card 29

RELIGIOUS VIEWS CHRISTIANITY FOR Teaches compassion towards others; surely allowing a childless couple to have a child is exactly what this means? Jesus does not want people to suffer so we should use this to find new cures. Roman Catholic Church: Gene therapy acceptable if of medical benefit Church of Scotland: Only approves of medical research up to 14 days Study Card 30 CHRISTIANITY AGAINST Life begins at conception so it is murder The Bible teaches ‘Do not kill’ (Exodus) Life is sacred and should only be ended by God (Book of Job) Study Card 31

HINDUISM FOR Would the atman continue to exist anyway? Showing compassion and helping others is a requirement of dharma and karma Study Card 32 HINDUISM AGAINST All life comes from Brahman only Brahman is in all things and he should not be killed The atman enters the embryo at conception Killing an embryo disrupts samsara Ahimsa means non-violence; not killing Study Card 33

NON-RELIGIOUS (or SECULAR) VIEWS PETER SINGER – UTILITARIAN We already allow abortion for cases such as Downs Syndrome so why not use GE to avoid it. If we can prevent disease and illness then we should as this is what most people want. We should not be put off using GE just because someone, somewhere might abuse it. Study Card 34 BRITISH HUMANIST ASSOCIATION (BHA) – RICHARD DAWKINS It is the quality of life that counts not the sanctity of life. GE is not good or bad in itself; it depends how it is used. An embryo up to 14 days old cannot be self-aware; it is just a collection of cells and cannot suffer. If embryos can be used to cure pain and suffering then we should Study Card 35

NON-RELIGIOUS (or SECULAR) VIEWS CONCERNS ABOUT GE PETER SINGER – UTILITARIAN It might lead to the rich being the only ones that can afford this. The government should ensure that the poor also benefit.  BHA – RICHARD DAWKINS We need to guard against misuse by scientists. Study Card 36  

In your jotter write today’s date and answer the following questions in sentences. For Christianity, Hinduism & a secular viewpoint give: two reasons why each support GE & embryo research two reasons why each are against, or concerned, about GE & embryo research. 2. Which viewpoints do you agree most with and why? Give at least 2 reasons for your answer. Have you met the success criteria of this lesson?