Part 3

BASICS OF INHERITANCE  DNA is the hereditary molecule  BLUE PRINT for all traits  Universal and Interchangeable

DNA EXTRACTION LAB

HUMAN CHROMOSOMES  Coiled strands of DNA  23 pairs of chromosomes  23 from ♀ egg  23 from ♂ sperm

I. Sexual reproduction  ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE

II. Hybrid  Offspring produced by the mating of different species.  Every cell contains DNA from both species  Can you name some hybrid animals? Peekenese and a poodle = peek-a-poo  Horse and a donkey= mule  ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE

Wolf/dog hybrid

Liger or tigon

Zonkey or zedonk

Llamal llama/camel hybrid

III Chimera  Produced in the laboratory  EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP"  Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera

IV IN VITRO FERTILIZATION Test tube babies  Procedure  female injected with hormones to cause ovulation of many eggs  Male donates sperm  Egg and sperm are mixed in a dish in a lab to create embryos  Embryo implanted in surrogate mother

Test Tube Babies  In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Embryo Transfer (ET)  20% success rate

Can be used for :  Infertile couples  Experimentation  Increase the population of endangered species  QUESTION? What do we do with the left over human embryos?

V. Surrogate Motherhood

Make it exciting

Twins: Identical vs. Fraternal  Diagram in your notes.

Identical

Fraternal

 Ethics: Theory of right and wrong. Defines what is good for the individual and society  Morals: Practicing right and wrong

Questions from Article  1. What is the danger of being able to create embryos?  2. Advantage / Disadvantage of IVF and ET?  3. What is an ethical question raised w/ frozen embryos?  4. What was the problem raised w/ the death of the American who died and left 2 frozen embryos?

VI Genetic Engineering and Moving Genes  -Human Genome Project (video) HGP READ pg. 236  -(HGP)sequence all the base pairs in the human genome (2-3 billion pairs)  (100,000 genes)  -genome -all the possible bases in a species or individual

 gene- DNA sequence that codes for a protein. The protein may lead to a visible trait (I.e. eye color, hair texture, blood type etc)  Genetic Disease- disease caused by a defective or mutant gene. Considered hereditary, if it can be passed on to the next generation (i.e. Huntingtons, Sickle Cell are major examples)

MOVING GENES (the basics)  Recombinant DNA involves 4 steps  Procedure  1. DNA is cut and desired gene is removed  2. gene is attached to a vector for delivery into another cell  3. cloning - multiple copies of the gene are made by allowing the host cell to multiply  4. screening- cells with the new gene are sorted from the multitude produced

BT Corn Insulin from bacteria Artificial insemination or embryo transfer

How is the DNA cut?  Restriction enzymes- recognize a specific DNA sequence and cuts it at every location

 How is the DNA delivered? Viruses, yeast or plasmid can be used.  A plasmid is a loop of DNA that are independent of the main DNA of a bacteria cell.  The same restriction enzyme is used to open the plasmid.  Nucleotide pairs on the end of the gene and plasmid join in a complimentary fashion.  The gene is now part of the host’s DNA

How is the DNA separated?  electrophoresis

KIDS, CARS AND $$$$$

VIII Moral and Ethical issues  WHY IS THIS BEING DONE?  HOW IS THIS BEING DONE?  WHO OR WHAT CAN IT BE DONE TO?

Cloning Around (reproductive cloning)  All SOMATIC CELLS (body cells) contain DNA blueprint for the individual organism  Any cell can behave like a ZYGOTE to produce an entire individual

HISTORY OF CLONING  1953frog  1996sheep277  2002cat82  2003horse841  2005dog ATTEMPTS BEFORE SUCCESS

CLONING BASICS

 Reproductive Cloning is expensive and inefficient  CC cost $50,000  Horse 1/841.12%  Sheep 1/277.36%

STEM CELL RESEARCH  What’s so special about Stem Cells? Biological immortality Pluripotent- can become any of 220 cell types

Therapeutic potential ○ Pancreas beta cells to produce insulin to relieve diabetes ○ Dopamine producing cells in the brain to relieve Parkinson’s disease ○ Regrowth of missing limbs

ADULT STEM CELLS  “cells in adult tissues that are undifferentiated”  Multipotent (can become many of the 220 cell types)  Sources bone marrow, umbilical cord, hair follicle, skin, adipose cells, More are known

Most well know example of Adult Stem Cell… bone marrow stem cells