Cargo Operations in Humanitarian Response Airport Planning and Design Final Project Julia Moline

Agenda Problem Statement Case Study: Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines Illustration of the problems Proposed approach Airport Selection in the Philippines Conclusions and applications

Problem Statement Two major logistical challenges in large-scale humanitarian response: 1.Extremely limited storage capacity and 2.Congestion at airports  delays in cargo delivery.

Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines

Typhoon Haiyan Struck the Eastern, Western, and Central Visayas regions on November 8 th 12.3 million affected 700,000 displaced 5,800 dead and 27,000 injured Tacloban City, Leyte Province (pop. 200,000) completely devastated Source: businessinsider.com

Impacted Areas of the Philippines

Logistical Challenges

Air and storage capacity

Air Congestion Volume Time on the ground (TOG) ▫Limited parking capacity ▫Limited personnel, equipment ▫Aircraft type a primary determinant of TOG Reliability ▫High percentage of no-shows ▫Major planning challenges TypeTons/aircraftTOG (min)Tons/hour/space Small Narrow Wide

Storage Capacity Physical limitations (space) Personnel and equipment ▫Loading and unloading ▫Sorting ▫Tracking Security considerations ▫Major consideration!!! ▫Protection against looting, other security breaches Source: armedforces-int.com

Regional Hubs

Air hub OperationsSelection Criteria Shipments to remote airport in same region ▫Relieves congestion Cargo shuttled between hub and destination at regular times daily ▫Increases reliability Scheduling strategy: maximize tons delivered rather than number of flights ▫Increases efficiency Slot availability Physical capacity Personnel and equipment Low risk to natural hazards Accessibility to or collocation with storage hub

Cargo hub OperationsSelection Criteria Cargo stored at remote location until needed ▫Relieves physical requirements at destination ▫Reduces security considerations Just-in-time delivery ▫Cargo delivered only if requesting organization can store or will distribute immediately Large amounts of flexible storage space Personnel and equipment Labeling and tracking capabilities Proximity and accessibility to air hub

Prioritization of Cargo Deliveries By cargo type: Critically needed items shipped first ▫Benefit: Enables rapid delivery of most-needed items ▫Challenge: How are “critical items” determined? By entity type: Home government first, then others ▫Benefit: Distributes cargo across entities; aligns with recovery goals of home government ▫Challenges: How is hierarchy determined? What if the home government is weakened or corrupt?

Challenges Coordinating entity and process ownership Buy-in Process control for participating entities “Temporary” warehousing Aircraft availability Personnel and equipment availability

AirportManilaTaclobanCebuClark FieldSubic BaySubang CodeNAIADZRCEBCRKSBIASZB Distance from Tacloban 530 mi0 mi100 mi530 mi 1,700 mi Runway Description 2 asphalt runways, m and m 1 asphalt runway 2100 m long 1 concrete/asphalt runway, 3300 m long Two 3200 m parallel concrete runways 1 asphalt runway, 2700 m 1 asphalt runway, 3800 m Cargo Storage Limited, and mostly already in use None Some cargo storage, though apparently full now Ample—many empty hangars Ample—formerly naval base and FedEx hub; cargo space is therefore available Storage available at UN HRD Hub Arrival/ Departure Capacity One of the busiest airports in Asia; limited additional capacity Extremely congested during Haiyan response Not normally used Limited air traffic during normal operations Fairly busy airport during normal operations Parking Capacity Some parkingExtremely limited Large aircraft maintenance area could allow for some parking capacity AmpleLikely ample Some parking, but limited additional spots Loading/ Unloading Capacity May be some capacity at Pal Hangar, but limited Extremely limited May be some capacity, but tight especially with high volume Ample, particularly with staffing from US Military Likely ample May be some capacity from ongoing cargo operations Current Utilization Some normal traffic continues, and already significant congestion of passenger and cargo traffic C-130’s are allowed in; significant congestion cause massive delays and diverts Significant congestion due to humanitarian flights causing delays and diverts Not typically operational, currently being used by US Military Limited commercial traffic, therefore likely underutilized Normal operations Operators Philippines airport authority Humanitarian community Mactan-Cebu International Airport Authority US Military is using it as its hub for humanitarian relief Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority Malaysia Airports Holdings Equipment Available Some available, not much Loading/unloading equipment limited Some provided by US Military UnknownSome available

Hub Selection Best Choice: Clark Field ▫Former US Military base with ample operational and storage space ▫Used by US Military as hub for Haiyan response ▫Approx. 1.5 hr flight Additional option: Subang, Malaysia ▫Near UN emergency warehouse ▫Used as an international hub in 2005 ▫Far from Tacloban

Operational Diagram International Entities Storage Hub Air Hub DZR CEB Normal Cargo Flows Emergency Cargo Flows Information Flows Clark Field

Applications Further research: queuing models for scheduling and inventory levels DHL “Get Airports Ready for Disaster” Program ▫Add considerations for partner airports UN Humanitarian Response Depot Program ▫Design air capacity into operational strategy for 5 international warehouses