ETYMOLOGY Deny A. Kwary, Airlangga University,

What is Etymology? (1) the study of the origin of words, and (2) the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history.

(1) The Origin of English Words Native Vocabulary (the Anglo-Saxon Lexemes): Native Vocabulary (the Anglo-Saxon Lexemes): Grammatical words (in, on, be, that)Grammatical words (in, on, be, that) Lexical words (father, love, name)Lexical words (father, love, name) Affixes (mis-, un-, -ness, -less)Affixes (mis-, un-, -ness, -less) Foreign Borrowings: Foreign Borrowings: Over 350 languages are on record as sources of English present-day vocabularyOver 350 languages are on record as sources of English present-day vocabulary

Foreign Borrowings Latin  after the arrival of Christianity Latin  after the arrival of Christianity bishop, church, priest.bishop, church, priest. Scandinavian  Viking invasion (8 th Cent) Scandinavian  Viking invasion (8 th Cent) Egg, sky, windowEgg, sky, window French  Norman Conquest (11 th Cent) French  Norman Conquest (11 th Cent) Warden, reward, mansionWarden, reward, mansion Latin  End of Renaissance (16 th Cent) Latin  End of Renaissance (16 th Cent)

Borrowings in 18 th – 19 th Centuries Australia: boomerang, kangaroo Australia: boomerang, kangaroo New Zealand: kiwi, pakeha New Zealand: kiwi, pakeha Javanese: batik, lahar Javanese: batik, lahar Japanese: bonsai, geisha Japanese: bonsai, geisha Spanish: Puma, quinine Spanish: Puma, quinine Inuit: kayak, igloo Inuit: kayak, igloo Etc. Etc.

A Sample of New Words in the Oxford Dictionary of English, revised 2nd edition boo noun (US informal) a person's boyfriend or girlfriend. Hinglish a variety of English used by speakers of Hindi, characterized by frequent use of Hindi vocabulary or constructions. Jilbab a full-length outer garment, traditionally covering the head and hands, worn in public by some Muslim women. spit verb (black English) perform rap music.

(2) Semantic Change Four kinds of semantic change: Extension or generalization: A lexeme widens its meaning, e.g. doctrine. Extension or generalization: A lexeme widens its meaning, e.g. doctrine. Narrowing or specialization: A lexeme becomes more specialized in its meaning, e.g. engine Narrowing or specialization: A lexeme becomes more specialized in its meaning, e.g. engine Amelioration: A lexeme develops a positive sense of approval, e.g. revolutionary Amelioration: A lexeme develops a positive sense of approval, e.g. revolutionary Pejoration or detorioration: A lexeme develops a negative sense of disapproval, e.g. villain Pejoration or detorioration: A lexeme develops a negative sense of disapproval, e.g. villain

The semantic change of the word: hot spot 1.A place of political danger. 2.A lively nightclub. 3.An area on the screen which can be clicked on to start an operation such as loading a file. 4.An area where you can get connected to the Internet through a wireless network.

Examples of Word Origin 1.Guru 2.Entrepreneur 3.Buffet 4.Rector 5.Tycoon 6.Propaganda 7.Genius 1.Hindi 2.French 3.French 4.Latin 5.Japanese 6.Italian 7.Latin

Internet Activity: Find out the history and the meaning of the following words 1.Antimacassar 2.Scrabble 3.Hamburger 4.Jumbo

That’s All For Today See You Next Week Deny A. Kwary, Airlangga University,