The Skeletal System Chapter 3

Game time!! Split into 2 groups.

-ectomy

chondr/o

osteo

cyte

cost/o

myel/o

crani/o

orth/o

brachi

cerv/ic

carp

Bonus: Worth 2 points

How many bones are in the human body?

And the winner is…..

Key terms A. Acro – extremities B. Ankyl/o – crooked, bent, fused together C. Arthro – joint D. Brachi – arm E. Burs/o, bursa – a leather sac F. Carp – wrist G. Cerv/ic – neck H. Chir/o – hand I. Chondr/o – cartilage J. Cost/o – rib K. Crani/o – skull, head

Key terms continued L. Kyph/o – hump kyphosis M. Lord/o – bending lordosis N. Lumb/o – lumbar region, loin O. Myel/o – spinal cord; bone marrow P. Orth/o – straight Q. Osteo/o – bone R. Pod, ped, ped/i – foot

Key terms continued S. Rachi/o – spine T. Sacr/o – sacral region U. Scoli/o – crooked scoliosis V. Spondyl/o – vertebra W. Synovi/o – the lubricating fluid of joints X. Tars/o – ankle

Overview of the Skeletal System 206 bones in the human body Skeletal System includes: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, Joints, bursa

Functions of the Skeletal System Functions of the Skeletal System 1. Support of the body structure and shape 2. Protection of the vital organs 3. Movement and Anchorage of the muscles (levers for muscular action) a. Tendons – attach muscle to bone b. Ligaments – attach bone to bone 4. Mineral storage – calcium and phosphorus 5. Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis

Bone Composition Bone is a form of connective tissue, has the ability to heal itself. Collagen – a chief organic constituent (protein) Inorganic calcium salts (Vitamin D is essential for the absorption of minerals, i.e. calcium) Cells 1. Osteoblasts – bone-building, bone-repairing cells in the periosteum 2. Osteocytes – mature bone cells within the bone matrix 3. Osteoclast – causes the reabsorption of bone

Tissues of a bone Periosteum Compact bone 1. A dense, fibrous membrane covering bone 2. Contains blood vessels 3. Essential for bone cell survival and bone formation Compact bone 1. Very dense, stress bearing, forms outer layer

Tissues of a bone spongy bone 1. Light and spongy 2. Low stress areas where the weight of bone would be a problem 3. Found at the ends of the long bones, ribs, sternum, hips, vertebrae, and cranium 4. Red bone marrow located within it

Tissues of a bone medullary cavity located in shaft of a long bone. Surrounded by compact bone Lined with endosteum and contains yellow bone marrow

1. Medullary cavity of long bones 2. Fat storage Bone Marrow Yellow marrow 1. Medullary cavity of long bones 2. Fat storage

Bone Marrow Red Marrow hematopoietic tissue 1. In children – in all cancellous bone 2. In adults – in the cancellous bone of the vertebrae, hips, sternum, ribs, cranial bones, proximal ends of femur, and humerus 3. Forms red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, some white blood cells (WBCs), and destroys old RBCs and some foreign materials

BONE CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SHAPE LONG BONES extremities Parts: 1. Epiphysis – at the ends, covered with hyaline cartilage for articulating bones; cancellous bone 2. Diaphysis – shaft, covered with periosteum; medullary canal with yellow and red marrow (lined with endosteum); covered with periosteum for bone growth, repair, and nutrition; compact bone

Long bones Found in extremities including: Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, and clavicle

long bones

Short bones cube-shaped; allows flexible movement Cancellous bone covered by compact bone Includes: Carpals, tarsals, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Short bones

FLAT BONES Flat plates; protect the vital organs and provide a broad surface area for muscle attachment

Anatomic Landmarks of a bone Diaphysis : shaft of a long bone Epiphysis: wide end of a long bone Proximal epiphysis: end of the bone located nearest the midline Distal epiphysis: end of the bone located farthest from the midline Process: a normal projection on the surface of a bone that allows for attachment of muscles and tendons

Cartilage Cartilage: smooth, rubbery connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones; more elastic than bone and makes up flexible parts of the skeleton Articular cartilage: covers the surface of bones that form joints to make smooth movements & prevent the bones from rubbing against one another Meniscus: curved fibrous cartilage

Joints Also known as articulations Are connections between bones Articulate means to join or come together so that motion may occur

Types of Joints Sutures – jagged line where bones join and joint does not move Symphysis aka cartilaginous joint – where 2 bones join and are held firmly together so they function as one bone Synovial joints- moveable joints of the body. (ball and socket and hinge joints)

Sutures

symphysis

Ball and socket: wide range of movement in many directions Synovial Ball and socket: wide range of movement in many directions

Hinge joint: allow movement primarily in one direction or plane Synovial (continued) Hinge joint: allow movement primarily in one direction or plane

Structures of Synovial Joints Ligaments: connect bone to bone Membranes and Fluid that acts as a lubricant to make smooth movements Bursa: fibrous sac that is lined with a synovial membrane and contains fluid. Acts as a cushion

How many bones in the adult human body? The Skeleton How many bones in the adult human body?

Axial Skeleton 80 bones Protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems Axial refers to an imaginary line that runs through the center of the body Consists of : the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum

Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Makes body movement possible Protects organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction Appendicular means referring to an appendage Appendage means anything attached to a major part of the body Organized into upper extremities (shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands) and lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, feet)

Pathology of the skeletal system

PATHOLOGY RELATING TO JOINTS Arthralgia- pain in a joint Arthrosclerosis - stiffness of the joints Bursitis- inflammation of the bursa chondroma - slow growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells chondromalacia - abnormal softening of cartilage Luxation - dislocation of a bone from its joint

Arthritis Inflammation of one or more joints. Many different forms and causes of arthritis