Intro Video Intro Video

Some blood facts The human body contains approximately 5 to 6L (men) and 4 to 5L (women) of blood Non- characteristic properties of blood: - viscous (thick) - odourless - red - salty

Blood is a homogeneous mixture composed of formed elements (blood cells) and liquid plasma : 1.Red blood cells (RBCs) 2.White blood cells (WBCs) 3.Platelets 4.Plasma (fluid) Blood Constituents

1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Small, round cells that lack a nucleus Produced by red bone marrow (inside some, but not all bones) Have a life span of 120 days - Your body produces 2.4 million each second  Contain red pigment called hemoglobin -a protein that enables the RBC to transport O 2 and CO 2 around the body Functions of the components of blood

2. White blood cells (WBCs) transparent have a nucleus are larger than RBCs  Provide immunity and defense against disease –they phagocytize (engulf and destroy) dead or damaged cells, old RBCs and bacteria –they produce antibodies (a defense against bacteria) Functions of the components of blood

WBC Phagocytosis: Video: 2 min. Video: 2 min. WBC RBC

Blood Cell production Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow Bone marrow is a jellylike substance inside the bones that is composed of stem cells. As the blood cells develop from the stem cells in the marrow, they pass into the blood that passes through the bones Red marrow: Bone marrow that actively produces blood cells Yellow marrow. Bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells.

3. Platelets: –Solid fragments stemming from large cells in the bone marrow –Play an important role in blood coagulation –the clotting of blood and blood products –Their role is to stop bleeding internally or externally Functions of the components of blood

“Hemophilia?” –An inherited disorder where there is an absence of platelets or the platelets do not clot properly. Individuals affected with this disorder bleed continuously when injured. They require clotting factor and often blood transfusions when hit or cut.

4.Plasma : Yellowish liquid composed of: –Water (90%) –Dissolved nutrients (glucose, amino acids, salts), antibodies, hormones, and waste products makes up approximately 55% of whole blood. Functions of the components of blood plasma RBC, WBC, platelets

4 Main functions of plasma: 1.carries nutrients to the cells (These have been broken down in the digestive system and absorbed into the blood in the small intestine) 2. transports oxygen (which enters the blood by diffusion from the alveoli into the capillaries) 3. Transports waste products from cellular activity to the excretory organs 4. Transports hormones, antibodies and various other substances

For homework (to be completed in your logbook) - Make a study chart summarizing the components of blood and their functions. - Make sure to write short descriptions in your own words!! Blood ComponentFunction(s) red blood cell white blood cell platelets plasma

Blood Types and Blood Transfusions Class Starter: 1)What are the different blood types that exist? 2)What determines what type of blood you have? 3)Why can you die if you were to receive an incompatible blood type?

What determines the different blood groups? Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of RBCs A, B, Rh (Rhesus factor) = antigens (specific proteins) attached to RBCs The different blood types are not spread out equally in the population

Blood Types The presence or absence of a third antigen (Rh) determines if the blood type is positive or negative Rh present = positive (+) Rh not present = negative (-) This gives us 8 blood types: A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+, O-, O+

Blood Types Blood Group Antigen A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-

Blood Types Blood Group Antigen A+A, Rh A-A B+B, Rh B-B AB+A,B, Rh AB-A, B O+Rh O-none

Blood Transfusions People who have blood diseases and others who require extensive surgery must receive blood transfusions A blood transfusion is the injection of blood into a person This requires: – a donor, the person who gives the blood –a recipient, the person who receives the blood

Fact: In the 19 th century, many blood transfusions resulted in the recipients dying. Why? We know understand that there are specific antibodies which circulate in a person’s blood If a recipient’s antibodies match the donor’s antigens, the antibodies in the recipient’s blood will attack the donor’s antigens resulting in blood coagulation and possible death

Blood Types The antigens on your RBCs will determine the antibodies that circulate in your blood The antibodies in your blood are the opposite of the antigens on your RBCs Blood Group Antigens (surface) Antibodies (in plasma) A+A, Rh A-A B+B, Rh B-B, AB+A, B, Rh AB -A, B O+Rh O -None

Blood Types The antigens on your RBCs will determine the antibodies that circulate in your blood The antibodies in your blood are the opposite of the antigens on your RBCs Blood Group Antigens (surface) Antibodies (in plasma) A+A, RhB A-ARh B+B, RhA B-B,A, Rh AB+A, B, RhNone AB -A, BRh O+RhA, B O -NoneA, B, Rh

Draw a picture to represent the antigens and antibodies present in each blood group Blood Group Antigens A+ A- B+ B- Blood Group Antigens AB+ AB - O+ O -

Blood Compatibility rules Main rule: –The donor’s blood cannot contain any antibodies that match the antigens on the recipients red blood cells Tricks –Similar blood types can always give blood to eachother –+ blood types CANNOT give blood to – blood types –– blood types CAN give blood to + blood types Universal donors: can give blood to anyone = type O- (because it has no antigens) Universal recipients: can receive blood from anyone = type AB+ (because it has no antibodies)

Blood Types Blood Type Can donate to:Can receive from: A- A+ B- B+ AB- AB+ O- O+

A O AB B

How to determine what blood type a person is? A person’s blood group is determined by mixing a drop of his or her blood with 3 different commercial serums (solutions with dissolved antibodies) Anti- A serum Anti-B serum Anti-Rh serum If agglutination (coagulation) takes place (small dots appear)it means that the RBCs have antigens matching that specific serum. By determining which antigens are on the surface of the RBCs we can deduce what the blood type is

How to determine what blood type a person is? Blood sample X + anti-A serum = agglutination Blood sample X + anti-B serum = no agglutination Blood sample X + anti – Rh serum = no agglutination –Sample X is blood type: A-

Determining blood groups

Blood Typing Activity Bottle 1 = Mr. Smith Bottle 2 = Mr. Green Bottle 3= Ms. Brown Bottle 4= Mr. Jones

Blood types Blood typing game Quiz Lab activity

CREATING VACCINES web PBS nova: BIO TERROR home page: Creating a vaccine GAME: ccines.html ccines.html