“Gambling: The Hidden Addiction” Prevalence and Screening Tools Presenter Carl E. Robertson, MRE, MDiv.- Prevention Manager Funded by DHMH/ADAA 2013 Mid-Atlantic Behavioral Health Conference Ideas In Action Innovations - Partnerships - Technologies

Maryland Center of Excellence on Problem Gambling Partnership of Maryland Council on Problem Gambling and the University of Maryland School of Medicine Funded with a 3 year grant ( ) from State Health Department Purpose:  Identify and promote problem gambling treatment resources  Provide Maryland based prevention and research initiatives  Establish problem gambling lending library resources  Conduct Public and Professional Awareness Outreach Campaigns  Manage Maryland Problem Gambling Hotline: Funded by DHMH/ADAA

If you bet on a horse, that’s gambling. If you bet you can make three spades, that’s entertainment. If you bet cotton will go up three points, that’s business. What’s the difference? Gambling is any activity or game where you risk something of value or money on an outcome that is not guaranteed. Gambling is any activity or game where you risk something of value or money on an outcome that is not guaranteed. Funded by DHMH/ADAA

Problem and Pathological Gambling Definitions Problem Gambling – is a descriptive term used to define those individuals with problems in their lives due to gambling. Pathological/Compulsive Gambling- is the clinical term for the Impulsive Control Disorder defined in DSM IV (failure to resist the impulse to gamble)

DSM V ► Leaving- Impulse Control Disorder ► Joining- “Substance Use Disorder” section ► “Behavioral Addictions” = “Gambling Disorder” ► 9 vs 10 Criteria (Illegal activities may be dropped) “In functional brain imaging-whether with gamblers or drug addicts-when they are showed video or photograph cues associated with their addiction, the same brain areas are activated”. Charles O’Brien, M.D. chair of the DSM-5 Work Group on Addictive Disorders ► Compulsive Gambling News Compulsive Gambling News

DSM V Severity Criteria ► “Gambling Disorder” Severity Rated ► 9 vs 10 Criteria (Illegal activities may be dropped) ► 2-3 Criteria will be indicative of a Mild Disorder ► 4-5 Criteria will be indicative of a Moderate Disorder ► 6 or More will be indicative of a Severe Disorder ► (The threshold for diagnosis (DSM-5) is two or more criteria in contrast to one or more criteria for DSM-4)

Remaining Questions Effect on reimbursement Effect on SAMHSA recognition Effect on research funding And remember: We are treating people with gambling problems, not problem gamblers

What do we know about Adult and Adolescent Problem Gambling? Actually, quite a lot, there is data from sources such as: National Research Council – 1999 McGill University – 1998/Present National Council on Compulsive Gambling Gambling Prevalence in Maryland: A Baseline Analysis – 2010 Johns Hopkins Longitudinal Study

Who Are Adult Problem Gamblers based on National Research Council Survey 1999 About 1-3% of the Adult Population of the U.S. has a Gambling Problem Estimated to be over 4-6 million adults in the United States (combination of pathological/problem gamblers) Estimated to be over 128,670 adults in Maryland (based on 2011 census projections)

Who Are Adult Problem Gamblers based on Maryland Baseline Survey 2010 Survey indicated 3.4 % of the Adult Population in Maryland are problem/pathological gamblers (1.5% pathological/1.9% are problem gamblers) Estimated to be over 154,400 adults in Maryland (based on Maryland Baseline projections) Range: 128,670 – 154,400 Adult Marylanders

+ W HAT D OES R EPRESENT ?

Capacity 71,008 x 2 = 142,016 Represents less than the 154,400 Adult Gamblers in MD

Youth Prevalence Findings 4-8 % Level III, Probable Pathological gambler (NRC, 1999) 1.1 million youth exhibit pathological gambling behavior (NGISC, 1999) 10-15% at-risk for Problem Gambling (Shaffer & Hall, 1996; Winters, Stinchfielf, & Fulkerson, 1991; Wiebe, 1999; Wynne, Smith, & Jacobs, 1996) Youth Gambling 4 to 6 % ( problem/pathological ) Maryland Youth Estimated: 47,000-50,000 ( problem/pathological based on 2011 census projections )

Capacity 45,971 to 48,187 If you filled Camden Yards what would that represent?

Funded by DHMH/ADAA Johns Hopkins survey Study began in 1993 in 27 1 st Grade Classrooms in Baltimore City public schools Data Sources utilized: Teacher ratings Parent ratings Self-reports: 90 minute self-administered computer interview Gambling data collected via age appropriate scales SOGS-RA in 2004, and SOGS

Prevalence of Baltimore Inner-City Youth Found that 11-15% of adolescents/adults have some form of problem gambling from the groups studied since 2004 (when gambling questions were added to the study.)

What do we know about Emerging Adult Problem Gambling? National Research Council – 1999 Delaware College Gambling Study – 2011 Gambling on Campus: New Directions Series NCRG: College Gambling blueprint

College Problem Gamblers based on National Data About 4-8% of College students of the U.S. have a Gambling Problem (problem/pathological) About 4-8% of College students of the U.S. have a Gambling Problem (problem/pathological) Most authors use 6-8% as the average percentage. (e.g. NCRG; Oregon) Most authors use 6-8% as the average percentage. (e.g. NCRG; Oregon) 18-23% of students gamble on a weekly basis 18-23% of students gamble on a weekly basis 75-85% of students gambled in the past year 75-85% of students gambled in the past year 22% of colleges have written gambling policies 22% of colleges have written gambling policies

Based on Md Higher Education Enrollment Projections: June, 2012 Maryland College Level Problem Gambling Using 6%: there are at least 18,867 College level problem gamblers on Md campuses Using 6%: there are at least 18,867 College level problem gamblers on Md campuses Using 8%: there are at least 25,156 college level problem gamblers on Md campuses Using 8%: there are at least 25,156 college level problem gamblers on Md campuses Range: 18,867 – 25,156 Range: 18,867 – 25,156 (Based on Maryland Higher Education Actual Enrollment Projections of: 314,451 students)

Comcast Center: capacity 17,950

Adapted from Understanding Substance Abuse Prevention: Toward 21st Century Primer on Effective Programs (P. Brounstein & J. Zweig, 1999). Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) & Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Dickson, Derevensky, & Gupta (2002).

Gambling Problems Gambling Specific Assessment Screen Positive Screen Positive Integrated Model: No Wrong Door PG Enhanced Treatment PG Enhanced Treatment Mental Health Center Substance Abuse Treatment Center 22 Gambling Integrated Assessment (including PG Screen) Gambling Specific Treatment Pos or Neg Gambling Integrated Assessment (including PG Screen) Funded by DHMH/ADAA

Lifetime Co-morbidity Kessler et al., 2008 (National Comorbidity Survey Replication) Although nearly half (49%) of those with lifetime pathological gambling received treatment for mental health or substance abuse problems, none reported treatment for gambling problems.

Psychiatric Comorbidity in Pathological Gamblers: Summary of Research of PG’s in Treatment Attention Deficit Disorder Pathological Gambling Affect Disorders Anxiety Disorders Trauma Personality Disorders Substance Use Disorders ~20-35% ~10-35% ~50-80% ~25-63% ~20-93% ~5-30%

Pathological Gambling: Comparison to Substance Abuse ySimilarities xLoss of Control xPreoccupation xNegative impact on major life areas xTolerance

Pathological Gambling: Comparison to Substance Abuse ySimilarities xWithdrawal Symptoms xSelf-help groups xBiopsychosocial/spiritual disorders xFamily involvement

Pathological Gambling: Comparison to Substance Abuse yDifferences xUnpredictable outcome xFantasies of success xNo biological test xEasier to hide

Pathological Gambling: Comparison to Substance Abuse yDifferences xGreater financial problems xIntensity of family anger xLess public awareness and acceptance

Screening What questions about gambling can you incorporate into each part of your interview? – Biological/Medical – Substance Use/Abuse – Psychological – Social – Leisure Activities – Spiritual

Family Screening Does Family Have Significant Financial Problems Are Financial Problems Related to Gambling (Either causing them or seen as solution) Have You Been Concerned About Extent of Gambling of Family Member?

Instruments South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) PERC-(NODS)instrument Gambling Severity Index GA-20 Questions “Lie-Bet” 2 Question Brief Screen SOGS-R A- Adolescent Screen Mass. Adolescent Gambling Screen

Resources for Problem Gamblers The Maryland Center of Excellence on Problem Gambling is a resource center. Our Helpline operates 24/7 for referrals for problem gamblers and their families at: Visit the webpage at:

Funded by DHMH/ADAA Thank you Carl Robertson