1 The Economic Effect of Governmental Incentives on the Ethanol Fuel Market Quinn Kelley Graduate Student University of Georgia

2 Problem Statement Limited research available on the market for ethanol. To determine the effectiveness of current subsidies for ethanol, the economic structure of the fuel-blending market for ethanol is required.

3 Objectives Investigate the impact market determinants have on the ethanol market. Develop an econometric model of the fuel-blending market demand and supply for ethanol. Based on this econometric model, elasticities are calculated and implications for this highly subsidized market are discussed.

4 Alternative Fuel Legislation Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) of 1988 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 Energy Policy Act (EPACT) of 1992 Federal Ethanol Subsidy of $0.54 per gallon Additional State Subsidies

5 Ethanol Ethanol is an alcohol-based, colorless liquid fuel with a characteristic odor. Currently, ethanol is used as a fuel additive in gasoline. In the U.S., corn is the predominant feedstock in ethanol production. Ethanol is produced through a process of fermenting and distilling starch crops that have been converted into simple sugars.

6 Competition Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) First synthesized in the early 1960s and commercial production began in Classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC). Produced by a chemical reaction between methanol and isobutylene.

7 Empirical Model Demand Q it D = β 0 + β 1 Pw t + β 2 Pg t + β 3 V it + β 4 CAAA it + Σ 5 j=1 β j+4 R ji + ε it D Q = annual ethanol quantity sold Pw = lagged price wedge (Peth – Pmtbe) Pg = annual grade-weighted wholesale price of gasoline V = annual number of registered vehicles by state CAAA = Clean Air Act non-attainment dummy variable R = regional dummy variable

8 Empirical Model Supply Q it S = α 0 + α 1 Pw t + α 2 Pc it + α 3 S i + Σ 5 j=1 α j+3 R ji + ε it S Pc = state-level annual corn price S = state-level annual subsidy

9 Data Data were collected from the Economic Research Service, the U.S. Department of Transportation, the Energy Information Administration, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The data set includes: 1988 to 2002 annual observations by state.

10 Tobit Two-Stage Least Squares Results Demand Coefficients Standard ErrorsElasticities Intercept *8.490 Price Wedge * Price of Gasoline17.014* No. of Vehicles18.095* CAAA13.935*2.613 Regions * * *Significantly different from zero at the 5% significance level

11 Tobit Two-Stage Least Squares Results Supply Coefficients Standard ErrorsElasticities Intercept * Price Wedge0.889* Price of Corn * Subsidy-0.837* Regions * * * * *Significantly different from zero at the 5% significance level

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13 Market Implications With fuel-marketing firms bearing the major impact of any ethanol subsidy removal (91%), any reduction in the subsidy will negatively impact ethanol’s competitiveness over MTBE. A gradual phase-down of the subsidy will be dramatic for the industry. A 45% reduction in the ethanol subsidy will result in the elimination of the ethanol market.

14 Impacts If a state is designated in non-attainment, ethanol demand will increase by 14 million gallons. An elastic input demand for corn limits any bargaining leverage corn producers have in their attempts to influence market price. The increases in state ethanol subsidies over the last decade have not resulted in inducing a positive ethanol supply response.

15 Conclusions The economic structure of the ethanol market indicates ethanol agents are addicted to the federal tax exemption on ethanol blended fuels. The potential for demand expansion resides in structural shifts occurring from clean air and water regulations, health restrictions, renewable fuels, and global warming.