Maintain international peace and security Maintain economic and social cooperation Intended to either prevent wars, or make wars obsolete.

Winston Churchill gave the Iron Curtain speech in 1946 Map of the Iron Curtain

President Truman outlined the Truman Doctrine to a joint session of Congress in March of 1947

After WWII Germany divided into democratic West Germany and Communist East Germany. Berlin located in East Germany. Divided into Allied zone, and Soviet zone. Berlin becomes last place for emigration to the West.

Many of Europe’s largest cities completely destroyed by bombs. Millions of people classified as “displaced persons.” People without homes, or driven from their homes.

A map showing how the plan’s $13B was distributed by country

The United States Responds NSC-68 and The Militarization of the US-Soviet Conflict. Ordered by Truman in Early 1950 in Response to Soviet A-Bomb. Evaluate Nature of Soviet Threat and US Policy Toward the Soviet Union. NSC-68 Concludes That: USSR is Inherently Expansionist Expansion Fuelled by Messianic Faith that was Antithetical to American Way of Life. Containment would Require Global Offensive Against Soviet Bloc. Advocated Substantial U.S. Rearmament

GNP, 1950 (billions) Defense Spending, 1948 (billions) United States$381$10.9 Soviet Union$126$13.1 Britain$71$3.4 Germany$48$0 Source: Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers.

Impact of NSC-68 Immediate increase in defense spending Demonstrated American commitment to win the Cold War FY 1950: Defense budget $14.1 billion 33% of national budget, 5% 0f GNP FY 1951: Defense budget $33.6 billion 73% of national budget, 10% 0f GNP

National Defense Budget [ ]

Berlin Blockade Federal Republic of Germany

C-47: Used to carry supplies (3.5 tons each)

1948

Mao’s Revolution: 1949 Who lost China?

Growing Interest in China Nationalists Led by Chiang Kai-shek Communists Led by Mao Zedong People’s Republic of China: In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war.

The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but the communists won the war.

China became a communist country, and Chiang Kai-shek and his forces fled to Taiwan.

Truman tells Stalin about the bomb at Potsdam, July 24 th, Stalin seems unconcerned. Truman thinks Stalin doesn’t understand.

Soviet government already knows about U.S. atomic bomb. Manhattan project infiltrated by Soviet spies who send information back to Russia. First Russian bomb will be an almost exact copy of American bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

Soviets detonate first atomic bomb on august 29 th, U.S. had thought Soviets were years away from bomb. U.S. and Soviet Union begin competing to create more powerful weapons, and build larger arsenals of weapons.

First hydrogen bomb detonated by U.S. in megatons Over 450 times more powerful than bombs dropped on Japan. U.S. research shifts to making warheads smaller and more reliable.

Both United States and Soviet Union create thousands of nuclear weapons in 1960s. Stockpiles grow larger and more powerful. Fleets of bombers, submarines, and missiles increase dramatically.

The Threat 1950’s on: Manned Bombers 1960’s on: Ballistic Missiles Land-based ICBM’s initially SLBM’s* added later * Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile

Deployed U.S. Missiles Jupiter MRBM Deployed to Italy & Turkey Range ~ 1,500 nm CEP: 0.6 nm Thor IRBM Deployed to the UK

U.S. ICBMs Titan I Titan II Minuteman Peacekeeper Atlas

ICBM Minuteman with MIRV

Nuclear Triad Manned Bombers ICBM SLBM Can launch on warning Accurate Flexible Vulnerable inflight Slow Quick response Invulnerable inflight Accurate Economical Vulnerable to first strike Survivable Quick response Invulnerable inflight Unpredictable Expensive system

Sea-Based Deterrent Ohio-class SSBN

Civil Defense January 12, 1962

Civil Defense “Duck and cover!”

By 1970 billions of dollars spent in both Russia and U.S. on development of nuclear weapons and defenses. Becoming a strain on both governments’ finances. Environmental damage caused by nuclear testing.

Nikita Khrushchev, top Soviet leader:

Freezes the number of missile launchers at current levels. Doesn’t allow new submarines to be built until missile launchers deactivated. Allows only one site in the country to be protected by an anti-ballistic missile system.