Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics What is Plate Tectonics? How Did the Plate Tectonics Theory Evolve? What is Sea-Floor Spreading? How Old is the Sea Floor? How Do We Know that Plates Move? How Fast Do Plates Move? What Are Plates and How Do They Move? Can We Measure Plate Motion Directly?

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics What Happens at Plate Boundaries? How Do Mountain Ranges Form? What Causes Plate Motions? How Do Mantle Plumes and Hot Spots Form? Why is it Important to Understand Plate Tectonics?

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Major Plates of the World Figure 2.1

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Pangea Breakup and Continental Drift Figure 2.2

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Distribution of Fossils on Gondwana Figure 2.3

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Distribution of Late Paleozoic Glaciations Figure 2.4

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Two Ways of Interpreting Distribution of Ancient Climate Belts Figure 2.5

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Apparent Wandering of South Pole Figure 2.6

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Magnetic Inclination Figure 2.14

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Apparent Position of North Magnetic Pole Figure 2.15

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Apparent Wandering of North Magnetic Pole Figure 2.16

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Jigsaw Fit and Matching Rock Types Between South America and Africa Figure 2.17

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Sea-Floor Spreading Figure 2.18

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at The Lithosphere Figure 2.19

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Magnetic Reversals Figure 2.20

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Marine Magnetic Anomalies Figure 2.21

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Origin of Magnetic Anomalies Figure 2.22

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Correlation of Magnetic Anomalies with Magnetic Reversals Allows Dating Figure 2.23

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Age of the Sea Floor Figure 2.24

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Possible Explanations for Relationship Between Fracture Zones and Mid-Oceanic Ridge Figure 2.25

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Continental Shelves and Rises Figure 2.27

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at East African Rift Valleys and the Red Sea Figure 2.28

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Water Rises Upward to Fill the Gap When Two Floating Blocks Move Apart Figure 2.30

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Massive Continental Shelf Formed by Continental Breakup and Divergence Figure 2.31

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Mid-Oceanic Range Offset From Fracture Zones Figure 2.32

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Divergent Oceanic Plates Carry Metallic Ores from Rift Valley Figure 2.35

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Transform Boundaries (A) Between 2 Ridges; (B) Between Ridge and Trench; (C) Between 2 Trenches. (D) San Andreas Fault Figure 2.36

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Divergent Boundaries form Ridge Crests (A) Oceanic Plates; (B) Continental Plates Figure 2.37

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Ocean-Ocean Convergence Figure 2.38

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Distribution of Oceanic Trenches Figure 2.40

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Formation of Andesitic Magma Figure 2.41

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Migration of Trench, Hinge Line, Accretionary Wedge, and Volcanic Arc Figure 2.42

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Ocean-Continent Convergence Figure 2.43

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Continent-Continent Collision Figure 2.44

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Backarc Spreading Figure 2.45

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Causes of Backarc Spreading Figure 2.46

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Metallic Ores Form over Hot Springs on Volcanic Arcs Figure 2.47

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Possible Relation of Ore Belts to Depth Along the Subducton Zone Figure 2.48

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Cross-Section of the Alps Figure 2.49

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Arc-Continent Convergence Figure 2.50

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Geological Evolution of Southern Appalachians Figure 2.51

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at The Wilson Cycle Box 2.2

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Schematic Cross-Section Through the Cascadia Subduction Zone Box 2.3

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at San Andreas Fault Figure 2.52

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Model of Mantle Convection Figure 2.53

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Ridge-Push Figure 2.54

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Slab-Pull Figure 2.55

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Mantle Plumes Rise Upward Figure 2.57

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Distribution of Hypothesized Mantle Plumes Figure 2.58

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Continental Breakup Caused by a Mantle Plume Figure 2.59

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at An Example of Radial Rifts Figure 2.60

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Formation and Reactivation of Rifts and Grabens During the Breakup of Pangea Box 2.4 – Figure 1

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben and St. Lawrence Rift are both Aulacogens Reactivated During Breakup of Pangea Box 2.4 – Figure 2

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at (A) Two Mantle Plumes Beneath Continent (B) Rifts Lengthen and Flood Balasts Erupt; (C) Continent Splits and Rifts From Figure 2.61

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Sea Floor Moving Over Hot Spot Forms Aseismic Ridge as Chain of Volcanoes Figure 2.62

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Ages of Volcanic Rock of the Hawaiian Island Group Figure 2.63

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Distribution of the Major Aseismic Ridges on the Sea Floor Figure 2.64

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Collision of Two Terranes Forms a Mountain Range, Eroded over Time Box 2.5 – Figure 1

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Central Gneiss Belt and Central Meta- sedimentary Belt Join along the Central Metasedimentary Belt Boundary Zone Box 2.5 – Figure 2

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Earthquake Epicentres and Bedrock Structures in Southern Ontario Box 2.5 – Figure 3

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Answers to Selected Testing Your Knowledge Questions A C A B C B A B A C C

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Additional Resources Student Resources Student Online Learning Centre The robust Student Edition of the Online Learning Centre at features quizzes for study and review, interactive exercises and animation, as well as additional boxed readings, searchable glossary, “Virtual Vista” environments, suggestions for further reading, and much more! Laboratory Manual The Lab Manual to accompany Physical Geology and the Environment has been created as a resource for laboratory sessions in physical geology, mirroring the "Inquiry-Based Approach" of the text. Structured on exercises and corresponding background concepts, the lab manual contains student-friendly worksheets, and has been perforated for easy lab use. Instructor Resources Instructor Online Learning Centre The OLC at includes a password-protected Web site for Instructors. The site offers downloadable supplements and access to PageOut, the McGraw-Hill Ryerson Web site development centre. Instructor’s Manual – The IM contains a chapter overview, list of changes per chapter, chapter learning objectives, further information on boxed features, short and long discussion/essay questions, and details on additional readings and resources outside the textbook. Test Bank – Contains a bank of multiple-choice and true/false questions per chapter. Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation – This presentation system offers visual presentations that may be edited and manipulated to fit a particular course format. They also contain selected solutions to the problem material. Transparencies A set of more than 200 transparencies tied to the text content are available for instructors.