Performance Enhancing Drugs Kristin Zenker CBE 555

Overview History Types How does each type work? Regulation Availability Questions?

History Not a new phenomenon Stories date back thousands of years to Ancient Olympic games Ground horse hooves and sheep testicles In Chinese traditional medicine, substances such as deer antler, tiger bone, bear gall bladder, ginseng and other roots and much more were consumed and were thought to bolster the males body. Athletes in Late 19th/Early 20th century Caffeine and strychnine Dutch cyclist death in 1960 Olympic games International Olympic Committee came out with first list of prohibited drugs.

Types Steroids (Anabolic-Androgenic and THG) Health Supplements Androstenedione Creatine Human Growth Hormone (hGH) Stimulants Amphetamines Ephedra

Steroids Lipid produced naturally by the human body Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone Cholesterol Synthetic steroids are called “Anabolic” or “Anabolic-Androgenic” “anabolic” Greek for “to build up” and “androgenic” Greek for “masculization”

Steroids - History First produced in late 1930’s to treat hypogandism Commonly prescribed for medical reasons Preventing loss of bone density from osteoporosis Counter-acting body-wasting effects of AIDS Late 1950’s, weightlifters discovered the athletic benefits 1991 – Congress made steroids a controlled substance in the U.S.

Steroids – How do they work? Taken by injection or in pill form Stimulates certain proteins involved in the building of muscle tissue Results in fat free muscle mass Blocks action of bodily chemicals that signal muscle fatigue “Cycling” and “Stacking”

Steroids – Side Effects Liver tumors and cancer Jaundice Fluid retention High Blood Pressure Increase in LDL, decrease in HDL Elevated risk of heart attack and stroke Kidney tumors Severe acne

Steroids –Side Effects, con’t Some side effects differ in men and women Men – increased breast size, shrinkage of testicles, baldness, reduced sperm count, possible impotence Women – development of masculine features such as facial hair and deepening of the voice, reproductive system abnormalities Emotional – increase in aggressive behavior, “roid rage” Athletes that stop after long term use suffer depression and symptoms of withdrawal.

Steroids - THG Tetrahydrogestrinone Oct 16, 2003 – US Anti-Doping Agency first told world about this Not approved by the FDA so illegal Use of THG is an alternative to other steroids Closely resembles steroids gestrinone and trenbolone Known as a “designer” steroid Manipulated by chemists so it would be undetectable during doping tests

Health Supplements OTC health supplements another way athletes use to improve their body and performance. Not regulated by the FDA Examples Androstenedione Creatine

Androstenedione Popular athletic supplement Also known as “Andro” Initially categorized as a testosterone precursor One of the chemicals from which the body synthesizes testosterone NFL banned in 1997 Mark McGwire admitted to using in 1998 when he set the HR record for most in one-season FDA reclassified as a steroid in 2004

Androstenedione – Side Effects Differ for men and women Men – decrease in production of testosterone, increase in production of estrogen, acnes, decreased sperm count Women – acne and masculinity

Creatine Occurs naturally in the body in skeletal muscle Helps to supply energy to muscle cells Made in the liver from 3 amino acids – glycine, arginine, and methionine When taken as a nutritional supplement, increases the body’s supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Creatine – History Usage documented back to the early 20th century Only recently came into public view after 1992 Olympics Linford Christie (gold metal 100 m dash), Sally Gunnel (gold metal 400 m hurdles), Britain’s rowing team At time, low potency dosage supplements available in UK 1993 – Company Experimental Applied Sciences (EAS) introduced compound to sports nutrition market under Phosphagen label

Creatine – What does it do? Can be taken in as a powder mixed into a drink or as a pill In the body, creatine is changed into a molecule called “phosphocreatine” – reservoir for energy During intense exercise, broken down into creatine and phosphate Energy released is used to regenerate ATP Bigger storage of phosphocreatine in muscles reduces fatigue

Creatine Some studies suggest that… creatine provides a boost for short bursts of maximal effort Helps with anaerobic exercise, no significant effect for aerobic exercise Ingesting creatine can increase the level of phosphocreatine in the muscle by 20% Increases in both total and fat free body mass Buffer the lactic acid produced during anaerobic work outs

Human Growth Hormone (hGH) Naturally produced in the body – synthesized in the pituitary gland Synthetic version of hGH originally marketed in the 1980’s to treat kids with stunted growth Recent years promoted as anti-aging from drug companies Currently banned by the governing bodies of major sports, including the Olympics

hGH – How does it work? Influences a variety of metabolic process involving carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty tissues Stimulates the body’s synthesis of the proteins that form bone and muscle tissue Stimulates collagen – necessary for strengthening cartilage, bones, tendons, and ligaments Increases testosterone levels Stimulates the liver to produce growth factors

hGH – Side Effects Abnormal growth of facial hair and skeletal features, liver problems, irregularities in the processing of insulin, and heart disease If taken before or during puberty – leads to gigantism Taken excessively as an adult – leads to diabetes

Stimulants – In General Athletes use to provide a boost in energy and alertness Caffeine and Cocaine are 2 well known stimulants Affect the nervous system – causes temporary increase in the heart rate and blood pressure Negative effects – heart attack, stroke, hypertension, agitation, physical addiction, sudden cardiac death World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has a list of banned substances – includes more than 40 stimulants

Stimulants Commonly Used by Athletes Amphetamines “speed” “crank” Used by baseball players for decades Stimulant used to diminish the appetite, control weight, and treat disorders including narcolepsy and ADD Releases stores of norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve endings Prevents the transporters of norepinephrine and dopamine from recycling them Increases the concentration of the respective neurotransmitters – promotes nerve impulse transmission

Stimulants, con’t Side Effects of Amphetamines Physiological Short term – decreased appetite, increased stamina and energy, nausea, irregular heart beat, jitteriness Long term – tremors, restlessness, anxiety, weakened immune system Psychological Short term – alertness, euphoria, increased concentration, rapid talking Long term – Insomnia, schizophrenia, aggressiveness, addiction, paranoia

Stimulants, con’t Methylphendate “ritalin” and Modafinil Ephedra Very similar to amphetamines Ephedra Derived from a plant that contains the chemical ephedrine – stimulant similar to amphetamines Increases the metabolic burning of fatty tissues Popular weight loss drug in late 1990’s early 2000’s Stimulant effects the nervous system to enhance performance and help with activities of longer duration

Stimulants, con’t Ephedra, con’t Late 2003, FDA announced ban of ephedra from the marketplace because of health concerns Generated thousands of complaints and linked to more than 150 deaths in the US Pulled off the market Side Effects Strokes, seizures, heart attacks, death, raise in blood sugar, irregular heart rhythm

Regulation Sports rules and regulations vary by level and league 3 most popular professional leagues – NFL, NBA, MLB all have different drug policies Most prominent effort to make uniform drug policies – 1999 IOC created WADA Coordinated and administered extensive drug testing of athletes in the different Olympic sports WADA published a list of hundreds of banned drugs Violators faced heavy penalties

Availability of PED Steroids Creatine, Ephedra, hGH 1990’s most US producers stopped making and marketing anabolic steroids within the US Eastern Europe are still producing steroids in quantity European anabolic steroids are the source of most medical grade steroids sold in the US Creatine, Ephedra, hGH Found websites that it is possible to purchase

Availability

References http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookATP.html http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/Steroids.html http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Steroids/anabolicsteroids2.html#anchor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/performance-enhancing-drugs/SM00045 http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701765667/Performance-Enhancing_Drugs.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolic_steroid http://www.4-men.org/steroids/thg.html

Performance Enhancing Drugs Questions????