Cells of the Nervous System. Two Broad Classes of Cells in the Nervous System 1. Nerve cells (neurons) 2. Support cells (glia) Neurons come in many different.

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Presentation transcript:

Cells of the Nervous System

Two Broad Classes of Cells in the Nervous System 1. Nerve cells (neurons) 2. Support cells (glia) Neurons come in many different varieties based on size, shape, chemistry, etc. Glia also come in different varieties. Different varieties allow for optimizing specialized functions of both neurons and glia. Five to ten times as many glia as neurons in the CNS

4. Transmit information to target cell (neuron, muscle, gland) Four Functions of Neurons 1. Receive and integrate inputs 2. Generate a nerve impulse (action potential) 3. Conduct the action potential dendrites, soma axon hillock axon nerve terminals

Dendrites and cell body Receive and integrate inputs Axon hillock and initial segment Generate action potentials Axon Conducts action potential Terminals Synaptic transmission

Receive and integrate inputs Conducts action potential Axon hillock Generates action potential Transmits to target cell receives and integrates inputs

Synaptosome

Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect 5. Axon length 6. Neurochemical identity

Classifications of Neurons 1. Function a. sensory neurons b. motoneurons c. interneurons

Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure a. unipolar b. bipolar c. multipolar

100μm B A

Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape e.g., pyramidal, stellate, basket, granule, etc.

Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect a. excitatory neurons b. inhibitory neurons

Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect 5. Axon length a. projection neurons (Golgi Type I) b. local neurons (Golgi Type II)

Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect 5. Axon length 6. Neurochemical identity e.g., cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, etc.

Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect 5. Axon length 6. Neurochemical identity

Types of glial cells 1.Astrocytes 2.Microglia 3.Oligodendroglia 4. Schwann cells

Types of glial cells 1.Astrocytes a. mechanical support b. metabolic support transport nutrients and wastes c. encapsulate synapses d. regulate chemical and ionic environment e. form scar tissue f. act as phagocytes

Types of glial cells 1.Astrocytes 2.Microglia a. act as phagocytes b. part of brain’s immune system

Types of glial cells 1.Astrocytes 2.Microglia 3.Oligodendroglia myelinate axons of central nervous system

Types of glial cells 1.Astrocytes 2.Microglia 3.Oligodendroglia 4. Schwann cells myelinate axons of peripheral nervous system

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