 3 centuries of political fragmentation = Rise of powerful, aristocratic families Northern nomads – became “Chinese” Rise of Buddhism and Daoism among the elite Migration southward toward the Yangzi River Destruction of forests…

 Regained unity  Canal system extended 1,200 miles  Linked northern and southern China  Ruthless emperors and failed a military campaign to conquer Korea

 Tang = CE  Song = CE  Both established patterns of Chinese life that endured into the twentieth century  Golden Age of arts and literature

 6 major ministries Personnel Finance Rites Army Justice Public Works

 Censorate – an agency that exercised surveillance over the rest of the gov’t  Examination system was revived to staff agency  Central feature of upper class life  The great families of large landowners continued to encroach on peasant plots – continues to modern times

 Song Dynasty = the richest, most skilled, and most populous country on earth  Rapid growth of population Tang – 60 million to 120 million in 1200 Population boom due to fast-ripening and drought resistant strain of rice from Vietnam Most urbanized country in the world Song Dynasty capital – Hangzhou = 1 million  Restaurants, inns, schools… (Marco Polo)

 Canals, rivers, and lakes stretched for miles creating immense networks for trade  Technology printing, shipbuilding, gunpowder  Industrial production soared Armor, arrowheads, coins, tools and bells…

 Tang – women in the North participated with greater freedom in social life than in the Classical era.  Song – reviving Confucianism and economic growth encouraged more restrictions and submission for women Confucian writers = keep men and women separate in every domain of life Women viewed as distraction Foot binding – beauty and delicacy

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 The growing number of elite families increased the need for roles as concubines, entertainers, courtesans and prostitutes.  Reduced the ability of wives to negotiate as equals with their husbands.  However, property rights expanded and women could control their dowries.  Mixture of tightening restrictions and new opportunities for women

 Two China’s = northern nomads (barbarians) and the “middle kingdom”  A system was created to manage China’s relationship with these people  Known as the “tribute system”, it was a set of practices that required non- Chinese authorities to acknowledge Chinese superiority and their own subordinated place in a Chinese- centered world order.

 Delegation sent to court  Ritual bowings  Prostrations  Present their tribute  In return, the Chinese emperor would grant permission for them to trade in China’s rich markets.  Emperors regulated relationships with northern nomads and neighboring states such as Korea, Vietnam, Tibet and Japan.  Xiongnu – Manchuria to Central Asia  Turkic empires in Mongolia

 Under the Silla ( ), Koryo ( ), and Yi ( ), Korea generally maintained its political independence while participating in the Chinese tribute system.  Tribute missions to China provided legitimacy for Korean rulers and knowledge of the Chinese court life.  A new capital city – Kumsong – was modeled on the Chinese capital of Chang’an.  1000s of Korean students went to China where they studied Confucianism, natural sciences and the arts  Buddhism quickly took root in Korea

 Chinese models of family life and female behavior gradually replaced the more flexible Korean patterns. (Confucian model took root)  Developed hangul – alphabet  Korea remained Korean

 Borrowed heavily from the Chinese Confucianism Daoism Buddhism Administrative techniques Examination system Artistic and literary styles

 Maintained political independence while participating in tribute system.  Regarded by the Chinese as southern barbarians they were ruled by the Chinese from 111 BCE – 939 CE.  Signs of resistance to Chinese aggression  Tang dynasty finally enabled a large rebellion to take root in Vietnam and establish a separate state.  Rulers styled as emperors  Claimed Mandate of Heaven  Chinese court rituals  Chinese based examination system undermined an established aristocracy to provide for social mobility for commoners.

 Distinct language  Cockfighting  Chewing betel nuts  Greater role for women in social and economic life  Female Buddha  Variation of Chinese writing called chu nom

 Never successfully invaded by China  Their extensive borrowing from Chinese civilization was completely voluntary.  High point – 600s-800s CE as the first Japanese state began to emerge from small clan based chiefdoms.  Set out to create a centralized bureaucratic state.

 Shotoku Taishi ( ), an aristocrat from one of the major clans launched a series of large scale missions to China taking hundreds of Japanese monks, scholars, artists and students.  17 Article Constitution – proclaiming the Japanese ruler as a Chinese-style emperor and encouraging both Buddhism and Confucianism. Emphasized the moral quality of rulers as a foundation for social harmony

 Chinese based taxation systems, law codes, gov’t ministries and land administration.  Nara and Kyoto (capital cities) were both modeled after Chang’an.  Over time, the Japanese combined what they had assimilated from China with elements of their own traditions into a distinctive civilization.

 Political differences – no centralized state  Local authorities developed their own military forces=Samurai warrior class was born. Exquisite curved swords Distinctive set of values Great skill in martial arts, bravery, loyalty Honor and death over surrender

 Buddhism never replaced the native beliefs focused on kami, sacred spirits associated with ancestors.  Shintoism and Buddhism could survive side by side.

 Women escaped the more oppressive features of Chinese Confucian culture.  Began to lose status with the birth of the warrior class/culture.  Modern Day comparison:  facts.findthedata.org/compare/12- 82/China-vs-Japan facts.findthedata.org/compare/12- 82/China-vs-Japan

 RyToTo4 RyToTo4