Waste Disposal for nuclear power plants A technologically solved challenge

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE Renewables* Share of electricity generation in % Oil and natural gas Hard coal Lignite Nuclear power *Hydro power, wind energy, biomass, photovoltaics, domestic waste and geothermics; practically only hydropower prior to Former West German States Old and new Federal States Energy mix of Germany's electricity supply between 1960 and 2010

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 3 19 % Oil and natural gas 23 % Nuclear 23 % Lignite 19 % Hard coal 16 % Hydro power and other renewables Energy mix of Germany's electricity supply from 2010

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 4 Brunsbüttel Greifswald Brokdorf Krümmel Stade Unter- weser Emsland Gorleben Rheinsberg Lingen Grohnde Asse Morsleben Konrad Ahaus Würgassen Hamm-Uentrop Duisburg Jülich Mülheim- Kärlich Biblis Kahl Grafenrheinfeld Mitterteich Philippsburg Obrigheim Karlsruhe Neckarwestheim Gundremmingen Isar Niederaichbach Nuclear power plant Authorisation for electricity production expired in 2011 according to the last revised German Atomic ActAmendment Nuclear power plant shut down Nuclear power plant completely decommissioned Research facility with waste treatment facility Waste treatment facility Central interim storage facility Repository 1Exploration 2Emplacement completed 3Construction Nuclear power plants and their corresponding disposal facilities in Germany

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 5 Radioactive residual materials from nuclear power plants For conventional use, recycling or removal of released materials Waste Operational waste Spent fuel assemblies - high-level radioactive - heat-generating Other radioactive materials - intermediate or low-level radioactive - non-heat-generating Decommissioning wastes Other radioactive materials - intermediate or low-level radioactive - non-heat-generating Differentiation of the radioactive residual materials

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 6 Radioactivity Heat-generating wastes High-level Waste designationExamples of wasteFinal disposal Distribution of total volume of waste Intermediate- level Low- level Waste with negligible heat generation Fission products from reprocessing Conditioned fuel assemblies e.g. Gorleben repository 5 % of the volume of waste with 99 % of radioactivity Core components Waste from reprocessing Operational waste from nuclear power plants Waste from decommissioning Konrad repository 95 % of the volume of waste with 1 % of radioactivity Bq/m Classification of radioactive wastes

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 7 Final disposal Direct final disposal Storage in the fuel pool of the nuclear power plant Spent fuel assemblies New fuel assemblies Nuclear power plant Interim storage in the central interim storage facility or in the on-site interim storage facility ConditioningReprocessing Waste Fuel assembly manufacture Uranium and Plutonium recycling Disposal routes for fuel assemblies in Germany

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 8 11 billion (10 9 ) kWh 4 transport flasksReprocessingFuel elements - Uranium - Plutonium Final disposal Interim storage facility≤ 2 casks, e.g. CASTOR ® type -1/3 high level waste (glass canisters) - 2/3 intermediate level waste Canisters (approx. 10 m 3 ) Nuclear power plant 40 fuel assemblies ( ≅ 21 t nuclear fuel) Fuel assembly disposal: reprocessing / statistics for a pressurised water reactor per year of operation

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 9 11 billion (10 9 ) kWh 2 casks for – transport and interim storage – e.g. CASTOR ® type Fuel assembly storage Final disposal e.g. 4 POLLUX ® disposal casks Nuclear power plant 40 fuel assemblies ( ≅ 21 t nuclear fuel) Fuel assembly conditioning Fuel assembly disposal: direct final disposal; statistics for a pressurised water reactor per year of operation

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 10 Decay storage Radioactive residual materials accruing in the radiation-controlled area Separate collection according to material type and activity inventory Direct reuse or recycling in the nuclear field possible and economically viable? Reuse or recycling in the nuclear field Decontamination measures or buffer storage are to be verified and/or implemented if necessary Release according to §29 StrlSchV (radiation protection ordinance) possible, economically viable? Release - Unrestricted release - Release for disposal - Release of scrap metal for recycling - Release of buildings for demolition - Release in the individual case procedure Radioactive wasteConditioningInterim storage and final disposal YES NO Disposal routes for radioactive by-products from radiation-controlled areas

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 11 Manufacture of new products for nuclear fields Melting Final disposal in Konrad Waste packages Interim storage facility Radioactive waste, e.g. slag, filters New products, e.g. waste containers Scrap metal Waste packages Controlled recycling of metals

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 12 Radioactivity Bq / m m 3 18 m 3 1 m m 3 2 m 3 Bead resins Filter cartridge inserts Metal components Evaporator concentrates Filter concentrates and sludges Solid waste Bead resins Oils Typical operational wastes for a NPP with a PWR, by way of example annual raw wastes of a 1,300 MW plant and radioactivity spectrum

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 13 Liquid wasteSolid waste Type of waste Raw waste Conditioning Waste products Repository cask Metal components, rubble, etc. Metal components, insulation,etc. Paper, plastics, fabrics, etc.. OilSludges Evaporator concentrate Filters Ion exchanger resin conc. Incineration Drying, dehydration, cementing Compacting Solid waste Compacted pellet Salt block, granulate, powder, cement block E.g. container, cast iron container E.g. container Optimised treatment methods for solid and liquid radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 14 Raw wasteHigh-pressure compactionIncinerationIncineration & high-pressure compaction 1/1 to 1/5 to 1/50 Up to 1/100 Waste treatment methods for volume reduction

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 15 Konrad repository Annual operational wastes from 17 power plants with an output of 21,500 MW 3,900 m 3 raw waste 11 PWR plants6 BWR plants 1,700 m 3 2,200 m m 3 Waste conditioningInterim storage facility Annual waste volume from operation of the German nuclear power plants as of 2010

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 16 Charging system Secondary and afterburner chamber Heat recovery Addition of lime and active carbon Fan Vent stack Primary chamber Incineration furnaceExhaust gas coolerBag filter IBag filter II Flow diagram of an incineration facility for radioactive wastes

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 17 Shut-down nuclear power plants in Germany Plants of the electricity supply companies Plant Output in MW e Operating timeStatus VAK Kahl to 1985completely removed KRB A Gundremmingen to 1977decommissioning KWL Lingen to 1977 safe enclosure dismantling application made Obrigheim to 2005decommissioning Würgassen to 1995decommissioning Stade to 2003decommissioning Mülheim-Kärlich to 1988decommissioning Biblis A to 2011 Authorisation for electricity production expired on entry into force of the 13th amendment to the Atomic Energy Act Biblis B to 2011 Brunsbüttel to 2011 Neckarwestheim to 2011 Isar to 2011 Philippsburg to 2011 Unterweser to 2011 Krümmel to 2011

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 18 Shut-down nuclear power plants in Germany Plants of the German Federation / Federal States Plant Output in MW e Operating timeStatus MZFR Karlsruhe to 1984decommissioning AVR Jülich to 1988decommissioning THTR Hamm-Uentrop to 1988safe enclosure Rheinsberg to 1990decommissioning HDR Karlstein to 1971completely removed Niederaichbach to 1974completely removed Greifswald to 1990decommissioning Greifswald to 1990decommissioning Greifswald to 1990decommissioning Greifswald to 1990decommissioning Greifswald 5440 trial operation 1990 decommissioning KNK II Karlsruhe to 1991decommissioning

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 19 Total mass of the radiation-controlled area (PWR reference power plant) 156,500 Distribution of the accrued masses during dismantling of the radiation-controlled area of a PWR (indications in t) Concrete and reinforcement Plant components Radioactive waste (concrete/reinforcement) Material for harmless recycling Waste for conventional disposal Radioactive waste (plant components) Radioactive waste (secondary waste, e.g. from decontamination) For final disposal For harmless recycling For dumping For final disposal 600 9, ,000 13, For free recycling 143,000

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 20 Work sequence plans application to Treatment of radioactive wastes with step-by-step accounts concerning interim storage and final disposal Preliminary testing Procedure qualification Work sequence plans release Accompanying control Documentation Test report Release Supervisory authorityBfS Interim storage facility Repository Preparation for conditioning Conditioning Interim storage/ final disposal Responsibility Waste producer Representative expert BfS/supervisory authority Representative expert Waste producer Representative expert BfS/supervisory authority Interim storage/ final disposal

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 21 Responsible institutions in final disposal of radioactive wastes in Germany BMU Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety RSK Reactor safety commission SSK Radiation protection commission ESK Disposal commission BMWi Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology BfS Federal Office for Radiation Protection BGR Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources DBE Deutsche Gesellschaft zum Bau und Betrieb von Endlagern für Abfallstoffe mbH RSK/SSK/ESK consultancy Federal State Auth. Planning approval Mining authorities Planning approvals DBE Constructor and operator BfS Responsible for construction and operation, applicant BMU Administrative and technical supervision BMWi Administrative and technical supervision BGR Gorleben projectKonrad repository Waste producer Necessary expenditure Ordinance on Advance Payments for the Establishment of Federal Facilities for Safe Custody and Final Storage for Radioactive Wastes

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 22 Responsibilities for disposal of radioactive wastes Nuclear power plant operator Duty to surrender German Federation Development, operation and decommissioning of the power plants Development of suitable methods for treating waste and fuel assemblies Performing reprocessing/conditioning Interim storage Financing of final disposal Final disposal - Exploration - Construction - Operation - Decommissioning

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 23 Structure of a repository for radioactive wastes in a salt formation Overburden Salt dome Repository containers (fuel assembly casks) Depth approx. 800 m Depth approx. 1,100 m Repository containers (canisters) Tunnel Bore holes