Please write your field of dissertation on the blank sheet.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Cancer—Principles and overview By Robert A. Weinberg
Advertisements

Alterations in the Cell Cycle and Gene Mutations that Cause Cancer
Chapter 19 Lecture Concepts of Genetics Tenth Edition Cancer and Regulation of the Cell Cycle.
Cancer: a genetic disease of inherited and somatic mutations n Gene mutations and/or genetic instability are involved in many cancers. n Viruses and environmental.
ApoptosisNecrosis Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death Apoptosis is responsible for the formation of digits in the developing mouse paw. Apoptotic.
Cancer- A Deeper Look (Part 4) Ms. Gaynor Honors Genetics.
Cancer Biology. 2 Outline 1.How do cancer cells differ from normal cells? Tumor progression Molecular basis for cancer.
Theories of cancer genesis
34 Cancer.
Molecular Pathology – Cell cycle Dr. Leonard Da Silva Senior Lecturer Molecular & Cellular Pathology.
Mitogens stimulate G1-Cdk and G1/S-Cdk activities.
Tumor Markers Epidemiology 243: Molecular Epidemiology.
The Loss of the Cell Cycle Control in Cancer
Molecular Biology of Cancer What are the environmental influences that are cancer-causing? What is the difference between an oncogene and a proto-oncogene?
Cancer A Disease of Mitosis.
Tumor Supressor Gene Non-functional TSG Mutations increasing risk of cancer “Loss of function” mutation Proto-oncogene Oncogene (Hyperactive or unregulated.
How Genes are Controlled Chapter 11. Human Cells…. All share the same genome What makes them different????
By the end of this lecture, students will learn: 1.Oncogenes 2.Tumor suppressor genes. 3.DNA Repair genes 4.Genes Associated with Cancer Intended Learning.
Tumor genetics Minna Thullberg
Chapter 23 – Cancer Genetics. Tumor Mass of abnormally dividing cells –Normal cells exhibit contact inhibition in culture Benign –Usually well-defined.
NOTES: CH 18 part 2 - The Molecular Biology of Cancer
Cell Cycle and Cancer. Cancer Terms Neoplasm – new, abnormal growth of cells Benign – not cancerous Malignant - cancerous Cancer – cellular growth disorder.
Chapter 11: Gene Expression Control in Division & Development pp
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Essentials of Genetics Seventh Edition Klug, Cummings, Spencer, Palladino Chapter 16 Cell Cycle Regulation and.
Cancer Uncontrolled cell growth. Cellular differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. Occurs.
Cancer. Regulation of Cell Division Two sets of genes control cell division. –Proto-oncogenes. Code for proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent.
Cancer &Oncogenes. Objectives Define the terms oncogene, proto-oncogenes and growth factors giving examples. Describe the mechanisms of activations of.
Mutations.
23.1 Cancer Is a Group of Diseases Characterized by Cell Proliferation.
Welcome to Genetics: Unit 8 Seminar!
CHAPTER 13 GENE REGULATION 1. 2 Mutation Mutation is a permanent change in the sequence of bases in DNA. Protein is completely inactivated Germ-line mutations.
Gihan E-H Gawish, MSc, PhD Ass. Professor Molecular Genetics and Clinical Biochemistry Molecular Genetics and Clinical BiochemistryKSU 8 TH WEEK.
Gene Expression. Cell Differentiation Cell types are different because genes are expressed differently in them. Causes:  Changes in chromatin structure.
Fig Fig Gene for a glycolysis enzyme Hemoglobin gene Antibody gene Insulin gene White blood cell Pancreas cell Nerve cell Active gene Key.
ROLE OF GENE EXPRESSION:  Activation of a gene that results in a protein  Cells DO NOT need to produce proteins for every code. GENOME:  Complete genetic.
Benign Versus Malignant Tumors
Cancer By: Aujan M., Zach J., Aditya P.. * Genetic disease that results in uncontrolled growth. * Mutation in genetic code results in failure of cell.
CHAPTER 19 THE ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL OF EUKARYOTIC GENOMES Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Section D: The.
Lecture 28 Genetics of Cancer Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc.
Genetics NewsGenetics News Helen Fillmore talks today on therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. 12:30. Here. Problem Set 10 on line.
Cancer Accelerated Biology. Learning Objectives The different methods of diagnosing cancer. The difference between a malignant tumor and a benign tumor.
BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence.
Today’s Agenda: 1. A Microarray Primer 2. Guest Speaker: Dr. Michael Schlador 3. Follow-up: the Use of Microarray Analysis in Chemotherapeutics 4. Preview.
Oncogenes Lecture 43BSCI 420,421,620Dec 13, 2002 “It ain’t over till the fat lady sings” – Joe Gibbs 1.Cancer-critical genes a. Oncogenes b. Tumor-suppressor.
Types of Genes Associated with Cancer
Have a positive role in cell division Have a negative role in cell division Have a role in the maintenance of DNA integrity Genes altered in cancer typically:
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor,
The Genetics of Cancer Cancer: a group of 100 or more disorders that arise from alterations in genes; predominantly in somatic cells; 1 in 3 persons; from.
Cancer. Cancer is a disease of the cell cycle Caused by one or more of the following: Increase in growth signals Loss of inhibitory signals In addition,
Cancer Bioinformatics Tom Doman Bioinformatics Scientist Eli Lilly & Company Informatics 519 guest lecture IU Bloomington Sept
1. What is the Central Dogma? 2. How does prokaryotic DNA compare to eukaryotic DNA? 3. How is DNA organized in eukaryotic cells?
The Cell Cycle & Cancer What went wrong?!? What is Cancer? Cancer is essentially a failure of cell division control or unrestrained, uncontrolled cell.
Tumor-suppressor genes Tumor-suppressor genes, function like brakes, keep cell numbers down, either by inhibiting progress through.
Cancer 박 준 오 Chapter 25. Cancer is due to failures of the mechanisms that usually control the growth and proliferation of cells. Cancer 1) Normal development.
EUKARYOTIC CELL SIGNALING VII Abnormal Signaling in Cancer Signaling to p53 Dr. Ke Shuai Office: 9-240M Factor Tel: X69168
The Problem of Cancer. What are cancer cells ? Cancerous growth involves unrestrained proliferation (malignancy) and spread (metastasis). Caused by: mutations.
Cancer Chapter 16. VII. Cancer & gene regulation  A. Somatic cell mutations can =cancer  1. caused by chemical carcinogens  2. high energy radiation.
THE GENETIC BASIS OF CANCER
Regulating the Cell Cycle & Cancer
Gene Expression.
The Genetic Basis of Cancer
CANCER.
Alterations in the Cell Cycle and Gene Mutations that Cause Cancer
Clinical Genetics Lecture 4.
Cancer.
Molecular Basis Of Cancer
Genetics of Cancer.
Cancer- A Deeper Look (Part 4)
Environmental Carcinogenesis
Regulating the Cell Cycle & Cancer
Presentation transcript:

Please write your field of dissertation on the blank sheet

Cancer: Genes and pathways

Cancer: A genetic disease Three main responsible genes: – Oncogenes – Tumor-suppressor genes – Stability genes Mutation in single gene can cause the disease but can’t cause the cancer. Cancer cause due to multiple defective genes. If germline mutation in above genes then predispositions to Cancer and if in somatic then sporadic tumors. The most common mutations, in germline, are subtle (point mutations or small deletions or insertions), whereas all types of mutation can be found in tumor cells.

How Proto-Oncogenes Become Oncogenes Point mutations, deletions, or insertions that lead to a hyperactive gene product Point mutations, deletions, or insertions in the promoter region of a proto- oncogene that lead to increased transcription Gene amplification events leading to extra chromosomal copies of a proto- oncogene Chromosomal translocation events that relocate a proto-oncogene to a new chromosomal site that leads to higher expression Chromosomal translocations that lead to a fusion between a proto- oncogene and a second gene, which produces a fusion protein with oncogenic activity

Oncogene activations Defective gene formation due to: – Chromosomal translocations – Gene amplifications – Subtle intragenic mutations

valine to a glutamate: activates the enzyme even in the absence of signals Note: In case of Sickle-cell disease Glu replace with Val. Involved Genes in different cancer

A mutation in an oncogene is analogous to a stuck accelerator in an vehicle

Pathways involve Red box: Germline Mutation in gene Green Box: Somatic mutation in gene Diamonds: P-P interaction Red arrow: Transcriptional induciton GPG: growth-promoting-gene

Tumor-suppressor genes Mutation involves in declivity of gene activity by following methods: – Missense mutations at residues that are essential for its activity – Mutations that result in a truncated protein – Deletions or insertions of various sizes – Epigenetic silencing.

mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene is analogous to a dysfunctional brake in an automobile

Oncogene and tumor-suppressor gene mutations: coordinated function Force the NEOPLASTIC process by: – Increasing tumor cell number through the stimulation of cell birth. – Inhibition of cell death or cell-cycle arrest. – The increase can be caused by activating genes that drive the cell cycle. – Inhibiting normal apoptotic processes. – Facilitating the provision of nutrients through enhanced angiogenesis.

Stability Genes or Caretakers Promotes tumorigenesis due to mutation in following genes: – Mismatch repair (MMR) gene – Nucleotide-excision repair (NER) gene – Base-excision repair (BER) gene (genes responsible for repairing subtle mistakes made during normal DNA replication or induced by exposure to mutagens)

Tumor-suppressor Genes

Stability Genes

Oncogenes

Involved Genes

Rb and p53 pathway Red box: Germline Mutation in gene Green Box: Somatic mutation in gene Diamonds: P-P interaction Red arrow: Transcriptional induciton T-bars indicate: Transcriptional repression

Tumors Solid Tumor Liquid Tumor Leukemias and lymphomas, composed of neoplastic cells whose precursors are normally mobile Epithelial or mesenchymal cells that normally are immobile. Other differences 1.Three mutations seem to be required to develop a malignant solid tumor in adults 2.chromosome translocations are much less common in solid tumors 1.Only one or two mutations may be required to develop a malignant liquid tumor 2.Oncogene activations caused by chromosome translocation events are the most common genetic alterations observed in liquid tumors Inactivations of tumor-suppressor genes are ubiquitious

Apoptosis Pathway

Question ??