Rural Economy: farming communities of Piedmont (Italy) and of Bombali District (Sierra Leone)

Farm and non-farm industry Economic growth, development, and change Size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade Land use, housing and non-housing as to supply and demand Migration and (de)population Finance Government policies as to development, investment, regulation, and transportation General-equilibrium and welfare analysis. Rural economic: the main elements

Rural economic system: the main farmers communities of Piedmont (Italy)

HABITAT: a quick view

COMMUNITY: selected information (Piedmont Region) Age groupsMaleFemaleTotal >= Total Over 65/ ,3 Average age4346 Immigration rate 43,77 Emigration rate36,9 Source: ISTAT, 2012

BUSINESS: a quick view Agricultural productions TourismCommercial activities, light industries

BUSINESS: selected information (Piedmont Region) Labor force: -Agriculture: 3% -Industries: 33% -Services:63% Unemployment rate: 5% Number of activities (main sectors): -Commerce:23% -Constructions:16% -Agriculture:14% Source: ISTAT, 2012

INSTITUTIONS: selected information Regional Government: Piedmont Some actors in the region: Metropolitan town (Turin) Provinces Municipalities Mountain Communities Territorial organization (e.g.: AIPO)

Rural economic system: the farmers of Bombali District – Northern Province (Sierra Leone, western Africa)

HABITAT: a quick view

HABITAT: selected information Tropical climate, with two seasons (rainy – May to November and dry – December to April) Forest area diminished by: -Logging -Mining -Slash and burn -Land conversion for cattle grazing Bombali District: lowland plains with forest, savannah and farmland.

COMMUNITY: a quick view

COMMUNITY: selected information Source: Sierra Leone Census, 2004 Major health related problems (percentage of total death) Source: Sierra Leone Census, 2004

BUSINESS: a quick view Farming Foreign aidCommerce and services Mining

BUSINESS ( Bombali District ) : selected information Source: Sierra Leone Census, 2004

INSTITUTIONS: selected information Constitutional Republic The President is the head of the State, head of the Government and Commander in Chief of the Army. Sierra Leone is divided in 4 regions: Northern Province, Southern Province, Eastern Province and Western Area (the capital area of Freetown). The Province are divided into District and, furthermore, into Chiefdoms. Sierra Leone is a member of Commonwealth and Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).

ETHOS: a quick view Inter-religion coexistence Inter-ethnic coexistenceArts (music, dance…)

ETHOS: selected information The population of Sierra Leone comprises 16 ethnic groups. The four largest are the Mende, Temne, Limba and Kono who represent about 50% of the population. Other smaller ethnic group are Mandingo, Krio, Loko, Fula, Susu... Lebanese community (descendants of Lebanese settlers who settled in Sierra Leone during the late 19th century) is spread all over the country. Religion: Islam believers are approximately 60% of Sierra Leone’s population Christians are approximately 30% of Sierra Leone’s population African traditional religion cover the remaining 10% The two main religions present often some traits of traditional religion.

Industrial economy: business clusters (industrial districts) of Italy and the “psecial economic zones” of China

Industrial economy: business clusters of Italy

BUSINESS: selected information Industrial district: high concentration of specialized companies in a specific context Two main issues: - High concentration of industries as a part of productive process - High specialization of any element (company) of the district But also -Contextualized competencies and shared values -High competitiveness among companies -Collaboration among companies

Business and ethos: selected information Industrial districts and Made in Italy “4 A”: Arredo casa (Forniture) Abbigliamento moda (Textile and fashion) Automazione meccanica (Mechanical automation) Alimentari e bevande (Food and beverage)

Business “demography”: selected information Numbers: 42 in north-east Italy45 textile 39 in north-west Italy35 furniture 45 in central Italy20 shoes and leather 26 in south Italy38 mechanics 21 others (including food) Numbers: 2 millions of workers (average per district: wks)

Industrial economy: special economic zones (China)

Incentives offered to foreign investors: Labour The ability to use the Chinese vast pool of low cost labour was a powerful incentive to locate in Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Foreign firms have also the right to hire and fire labour, which was different from the then prevailing Chinese lifetime system of public or collective firms. Land use SEZs were physically developed as planned entities with infrastructures and access to a container port complex (airports played a more significant role later) so that parts and raw material could easily be brought in for processing and shipped to foreign markets. A degree of protection of private property was also significant, since until 2004 there was no constitutional protection of private property in China outside SEZs. Tax incentives SEZs offered reduced corporate income tax rate, including income tax exemptions for foreign nationals working in SEZs. No custom duties were levied on imported materials and parts as long as they were for re-exports.

Industrial economy: special economic zones (China) The development of SEZ went through several stages: In 1980, the first four SEZs were established in proximity to Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Macau (Zhuhai) and Taiwan (Shantou and Xiamen). Their location was aimed at attracting "overseas" Chinese capital and also as a showcase for the potential impacts of such a reform. By 1984, the SEZ model was judged to be successful and could be expanded. 14 coastal port cities, from the Dalian to Beihai, were selected to become SEZs. This triggered the development of modern port infrastructures. In 1985 the status of SEZ was expanded to the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Xiamen- Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle (Min River delta). This also provided additional space for the setting of industrial districts. In time, the Pearl River Delta would become the world's most important manufacturing cluster. In 1988, the status of SEZ was expanded to Hainan Province which mostly developed the touristic and agribusiness sectors, which became the fifth SEZ. By the late 1980s, a substantial migration of labor from interior to coastal provinces was beginning to be observed. In an attempt to counterbalance this trend, six Yangtze River ports and 11 border cities were granted the SEZ status, in addition to all the capital cities of interior provinces and autonomous regions. By 1992, 60 SEZs have been set in China, including 5 initial SEZs, 15 coastal port cities, 8 river port cities, 19 inland cities and 13 border cities. Then, the process received wide adoption, particularly through the coastal provinces of China. Ten years later, by 2005, there were 210 national development zones and 1,346 provincial development zones.

Industrial economy: special economic zones (China) The development of SEZs went through several strage: In 1980, the first four SEZs were established in proximity to Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Macau (Zhuhai) and Taiwan (Shantou and Xiamen). Their location was aimed at attracting "overseas" Chinese capital and also as a showcase for the potential impacts of such a reform. By 1984, the SEZ model was judged to be successful and could be expanded. 14 coastal port cities, from the Dalian to Beihai, were selected to become SEZs. This triggered the development of modern port infrastructures. In 1985 the status of SEZ was expanded to the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Xiamen- Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle (Min River delta). This also provided additional space for the setting of industrial districts. In time, the Pearl River Delta would become the world's most important manufacturing cluster. In 1988, the status of SEZ was expanded to Hainan Province which mostly developed the touristic and agribusiness sectors, which became the fifth SEZ. By the late 1980s, a substantial migration of labor from interior to coastal provinces was beginning to be observed. In an attempt to counterbalance this trend, six Yangtze River ports and 11 border cities were granted the SEZ status, in addition to all the capital cities of interior provinces and autonomous regions. By 1992, 60 SEZs have been set in China, including 5 initial SEZs, 15 coastal port cities, 8 river port cities, 19 inland cities and 13 border cities. Then, the process received wide adoption, particularly through the coastal provinces of China. Ten years later, by 2005, there were 210 national development zones and 1,346 provincial development zones.