Canola Oil and the Latest Dietary Recommendations – An Update Guy H. Johnson, Ph.D. © 2006, Johnson Nutrition Solutions LLC Orlando, FL February 25, 2006

Canola

Canola in North Dakota

Canola in Cleveland

Canola oil is the third most popular oil in the U.S. Oil2004 “disappearance” (millions of pounds) Soybean17,300 Corn1,683 Canola1,598 Cottonseed834 Palm631 Olive538 Palm kernel522 Peanut250

Current dietary recommendations in the U.S.

Saturated fatty acids

Current recommendations for saturated fatty acids OrganizationRecommended intake for adults (percent of calories) Healthy peopleHigh-risk of CHD NHLBI<10<7 DGA<10- IOMAs low as possible- AHA<10<7

New study predicts effects of increasing canola oil use  8,983 U.S. adults 20 years or older  National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database ( )  Substitution of canola oil for corn, cottonseed, safflower, soybean and “vegetable oils not further specified”  Substitution of canola oil-based margarine for butter and other margarines  Substitution at 25%, 50% and 100% replacement levels

Saturated fat intakes would decrease

…and the number of people meeting current dietary recommendations would increase +47.9% +25.3%

Saturated fat still matters after the WHI studies Low fat Control Source: Howard et. al. JAMA 295:655 (2006)

Saturated fat still matters Source: Howard et. al. JAMA 295:655 (2006) Segment of subjectsRelative risk95% CI Saturated fat intakes reduced to less than 6.5% of calories – 0.96 Trans fat intakes reduced to less than 1.1% of calories – 0.95

Trans fatty acids

Are trans fats worse than saturated fats? Source: Ascherio et. al. New Eng. J. Med. 340:1994 (1999)

Current recommendations for trans fatty acids OrganizationRecommended TFA limit for adults NHLBIAs low as possible DGAAs low as possible IOMAs low as possible AHAAs low as possible (total intake of cholesterol-raising fatty acids should not exceed 10% of calories)

Trans fatty acids are not essential and provide no known benefit to human health…A UL is not set for trans fatty acids because any incremental increase in trans fatty acid intake increases CHD risk. Because trans fatty acids are unavoidable in ordinary, non-vegan diets, consuming 0 percent of energy would require significant changes in patterns of dietary intake. Source: IOM Macronutrient Report, 2001

The new nutrition label Source:

Frito-Lay was the first company to declare it would remove trans fats and now it is also the first to have completed the conversion to non- trans fat for its major snack chip brands. The oil conversion means that all of its chip lines will now be cooked in oils without trans fat. Source:

There are no trans fatty acids in canola oil

Unsaturated fatty acids

Current recommendations for unsaturated fatty acids OrganizationRecommended intake for adults (percent of calories) MUFAsPUFAs NHLBIUp to 20Up to 10 DGAMost fats should come from MUFAs and PUFAs IOM AHAMUFAs and PUFAs should not exceed 30% of calories

Monounsaturated fat intakes would increase

Polyunsaturated fat intakes would decrease

…and the number of people meeting current dietary recommendations would increase +13.6% +8.6%

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

Omega 3 fatty acids 101  ALA is an essential fatty acid found in some vegetable oils (e.g. canola, soybean, flax) and walnuts  DHA and EPA (long chain n-3 fatty acids) are found naturally in fish  Mean intake of ALA is 1.3 g/d compared to about 0.11g/d of EPA+DHA α-Linolenic acid (ALA)

ALA may reduce the risk of heart disease ReferenceSubjectsRR95% CI Dolecek (1992)6, NS Ascherio (1996)43, – 0.80 Hu (1999)76, – 0.94 Folsom (2004)41, – 1.00 Albert (2005)76, – 0.96 There are no clinical trials in healthy people to verify that ALA is cardioprotective

Current recommendations for ALA OrganizationRecommended intake for adults (g per day) NHLBI- DGA- IOM1.1 – 1.6 AHA1.5 – 3.0

ALA intakes would increase

…and the number of people meeting current dietary recommendations would increase +73.3% +41.9%

Canola oil recommendations

Scientific evidence shows that canola oil lowers blood cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in humans Strong supportSuggestive supportDo not support  Baudet (88)  Wardlaw (91)  Seppanen-Laakso (92)  Valsta (92)  Noakes & Clifton (98)  Karvonen (02)  Kratz (02)  McDonald (89)  Truswell (92)  Nydahl (93)  Miettinen (94)  Uusitupa (94)  Valsta (95)  Matheson (96)  Jenkins (97)  Hodson (02)  Gulesserian (02)  Sundram (95)  Sarkkinen (98)  Seppanen-Laakso (93)

Source: Mensink et. al. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77:1146 (2003) Effect of replacing mixed fat in the average American diet with carbohydrate or various fat sources at 10% of total energy

Canola oil is a leading source of phytosterols Source: Phillips J. Food Comp. 15:123 (2002) Canola oil also has vitamin E

“The major vegetable sources of monounsaturated fatty acids include nuts, avocados, olive oil, canola oil, and high-oleic forms of safflower and sunflower seed oil. The major sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids are vegetable oils, including soybean oil, corn oil, and high-linoleic forms of safflower and sunflower seed oil and a few nuts, such as walnuts. Substituting monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids for saturated fatty acids can help lower health risks.” Current recommendations for canola oil

To meet the total fat recommendation of 20 to 35 percent of calories, most dietary fats should come from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Sources of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are liquid vegetable oils, including soybean oil, corn oil, and safflower oil. Plant sources of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (α-linolenic acid) include soybean oil, canola oil, walnuts, and flaxseed… Plant sources that are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids include vegetable oils (e.g., canola, olive, high oleic safflower, and sunflower oils) that are liquid at room temperature and nuts. Current recommendations for canola oil

Vegetable oils and fats high in unsaturated fat do not raise blood cholesterol, but they have a high caloric density. These include canola oil, corn oil, olive oil, safflower oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. Liquid vegetable oils high in unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., canola, corn, olive, rice bran, safflower, soybean, sunflower) are recommended in moderation. Current recommendations for canola oil

What do duct tape and canola oil have in common?  Affordability  Versatility  Readily available  Can be real lifesavers!

Conclusions  Canola oil is the third most popular oil in the U.S.  Current recommendations stress the quality of fat in the diet rather than the quantity of fat  Increased use of canola oil would help Americans meet current dietary recommendations  Public health organizations recommend canola oil  Canola oil is a versatile product with few barriers to increased use by consumers

Thank you!!