Bio- oil Energy for Rural Kenya By Gichuki Muchiri and Kyalo Kimilu School of Engineering University of Nairobi Vision 2030: Kenya will become a middle income industrial Nation providing adequate access to basic nutrition, health, shelter, education and Transportation to all Kenyans.

Current Rural and urban Energy Scenario Source of energy% population Kerosene80% Charcoal60% Firewood55% Electricity LPG Solar Biogas Wind 37% 21% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1%

st half year kes billions Trade deficit kes billions (by June 2010) Annual imports million tones (2011) (2009)

If by 2030 half of Kenyan households (4*10 6 ) will adopt bio-oil energy for cooking and heating they will consume approximately 0.4 t* 10 6 tones of bio-oil Saving Foreign exchange of kes 32 billion Approximately 10% of oil imports How can this be achieved?

1. Reduce Wood consumption 2. Reduce Consumption of charcoal, Kerosene and LPG 3. Reduce emissions of Green house gases.(GHG) 4. Improve the quality of life 5. Save Foreign Exchange

1.0 Solar energy is expensive to install 2.0 Wind energy  Capital Intensive  Unreliable and  Require a large economy of scale 3.0 Biogas energy  Capital intensive and  Require a large economy of Scale

4.0 Gasification technology  Complex and  Require large economy of scale 5.0 Bio-diesel  Capital intensive and  Require ethanol for transestherisation 6.0 Bio-oil  Inadequate feedstock

BIO DIESELBIO OIL 1.0 Engine modificationNoneChange of Fuel Injectors 2.0 Cost of processingCapital intensive plant for transestherisation with ethanol Affordable oil expression and filtering plant 3.0 Oil transportation30 to 60 km Negligible 4.0 Foreign exchange content 5.0 Employment creation 100% Negligible Over 90% local 10 adult* men equivalent per 45 kW * Employment for tractor/engine operation, oil press and oil seed production

Jatropha Adaptive Varieties Limited Croton In adequate plantations Shamama Adaptive Varieties limited Castor Wide spread Adoption Intercropping possible

Assuming that half of the 8 million Kenya homes will by 2030 adopt a bio-oil cooking and heating stove (Protos) at 8 litres per month The bio- oil requirement equals (4.0 * 10 6 households * 12 months * 8 litres) Approximately 400 * 10 6 litres per annum

Continue. 1 kg castor seed produces 0.4 litres. Therefore castor seed required equals 400 * 10 6 litres/0.4 litres/kg =1,000 *10 6 Kg Or 1 million tones of castor seeds At 2 tones per ha per year 500,000 ha of land is required This is less that 10% of Kenyan 11.0 million ha Semi arid land

1.2 million ha cropping cultivation is targeted by Castor as a source of tractor fuel is proposed. Castor legume inter crop is appropriate for conservation farming.. Oil requirements for 45 kW tractor equals 45Kw * 1,000 hrs/yr *0.411 litres/kWh = litres/yr 83.6 *10 -2 where; Specific fuel consumption equals 0.411litres/kWh Bio- oil calorific value equals 83.6% of convectional diesel

Continue. At 0.4 liters per kg oil seed requirement equals kg Which is approximately 30 ha assuming 2,000kg seed yield per ha per year. Working 10 hrs per day for 60 days working period the tractor can cater for 600 acres (240) using 30 ha (12.5 %) only for it’s fuel.

Fuel for 240 ha with a tractor supporting 60 households: 60*8 litres * 12 months 5760 litres Add tractor fuel Total Seed required equals 27883/0.4 litres/kg = kg No of ha equals 35 ha Approximately 1/2 ha per household or 1/8 of the family land Thus energy self reliance is achieved