By: Kale Hintz

(WADA, 2011)

(WADA, 2011)

(USADA, 2012) These eleven teammates, of Lance Armstrong, came forward and provided testimony against the US Postal Service Cycling Team-run blood doping operation: Frankie Andreu, Michael Barry, Tom Danielson, Tyler Hamilton, George Hincapie, Floyd Landis, Levi Leipheimer, Stephen Swart, Christian Vande Velde, Jonathan Vaughters and David Zabriskie. Lance Armstrong was given the same opportunity to come forward and be part of the solution. He rejected it.

“The USADA found beyond reasonable doubt that Lance Armstrong engaged in serial cheating through the use, administration and trafficking of performance enhancing drugs and methods and that Armstrong participated in running the U.S. Postal Service Team as a doping conspiracy. Armstrong and his co-conspirators sought to achieve ambitions through a massive fraud now more fully exposed. The United States Anti-Doping Agency has found Lance Armstrong violated the applicable anti-doping rules, that his competitive results achieved since August 1, 1998, should be, and are, disqualified and that he is properly ruled ineligible for life according to terms of Article of the World Anti-Doping Code.” (USADA, 2012) Armstrong appear on Oprah January 17 th 2013, and admitted to blood doping in all seven of hi Tour e France win, and when asked if he could have won these races without the methods and drugs he said that in his opinion he could not have.

In August of 2008, the IAAF provisionally suspended six female Russian athletes of whom were listed to compete in Beijing. These athletes samples raised suspicions that some Russian officials were involved in helping the athletes to manipulate the samples by providing "clean" urine from a source, or knowing of the drug- taking activities. Drug-testers had been suspicious of the urine given by the Russians since 2006 because it regularly appeared too pure. (Magnay, 2008)