laminar and turbulent flow

Distribution of blood circulation Total volume of blood in all vessels (intravascular volume): –man: 5.4 l (77 ml / kg) –woman: 4.5 l (65 ml / kg) Distribution: –Heart 7% –Pulmonary circulation 9% –Systemic circulation 84% from that veins 75% large arteries 15% small arteries 3% capilaries: 7%

Pressure – flow – velocity – diameter - resistance Vessels branching TPR = 8. .l/r 4.  if vessel of diameter 2 mm branches into two vessels than not to increase periferal resistance the diameter of each has to equals 1.68 mm (NOT for arterioles = resistance) Blood flow – depends on diameter power to 4, ie increase in diameter of 19% increases blood flow two times

cardiac cycle Wiggers diagram A.atrial contraction, complete ventricular fillling, fourth sound due to turbulence B.ventr contraction, first sound due to valve closure, no ejection - isovolumetric C.rapid ejection D.depolarization – reduced ejection E.second sound due to closure of aortic vlaves – isoV relaxation F.rapid ventricular filling, third sound due to turbulence G.reduced ventricular filling

Sinus sagittalis Venous system pressure

Pressures and volumes Pulse (systolic) volume (PV)= 70 ml Final diastolic volume (FDV)= 120 ml Final systolic volume = 50 ml = functional reserve of heart Normal systole ejects around 60% of FDV = Ejection fraction = PV/FDV. Heart distribution = PV x frequency

Venous and arterial pulse a: regurgitation from atria c: bulge of tricuspidalis v: pressure increase in atria before tricuspidal opening dicrotic incision: vibration closing of mitral valve jugular venous pulse carotic pulse