1 One Year Post Exclusivity Adverse Event Review: Atovaquone-Proguanil Pediatric Advisory Committee Meeting February 14, 2005 Alan M. Shapiro, MD, PhD,

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Presentation transcript:

1 One Year Post Exclusivity Adverse Event Review: Atovaquone-Proguanil Pediatric Advisory Committee Meeting February 14, 2005 Alan M. Shapiro, MD, PhD, FAAP Medical Officer Division of Pediatric Drug Development Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration

2 Background Drug Information Drug: Malarone ® and Malarone Pediatric ® (atovaquone-proguanil) Therapeutic Category: anti-malarial Sponsor: GlaxoSmithKline Indication: Treatment of P. falciparum malaria in patients ≥5 kg and prophylaxis in patients ≥11 kg Original Market Approval: July 14, 2000 Pediatric Exclusivity Granted: August 6, 2003

3 Drug Use Trends in Outpatient Settings: Atovaquone-Proguanil Malarone ® and Malarone Pediatric ® accounted for roughly 5% and 0.2%, respectively, of the 3.7 million prescriptions dispensed for the antimalarial class in the U.S. (Aug 2003 to Jul 2004). 1 Dispensed prescriptions for Malarone Pediatric ® increased roughly 34.5% from approximately 5,500 (Aug 2002 to Jul 2003) to over 7,300 (Aug 2003 – Jul 2004). 1 Pediatricians were responsible for roughly 4.3% (~7,800 prescriptions) of Malarone ® and 40.4% (~2,900 prescriptions) of Malarone Pediatric ® dispensed in the U.S. between August 1, 2003 and July 31, IMS Health, National Prescription Audit Plus TM, Moving Annual Totals, Aug 2001 – Jul 2004, Extracted Oct 2004

4 Pediatric Exclusivity Studies: Atovaquone-Proguanil Malaria Treatment Trial 1 (n=200): Compared the safety and efficacy of atovaquone-proguanil to amodiaquine in the treatment of acute uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in pediatric patients weighing 5-11 kg Result: Adequate clinical response was obtained in 95% of patients treated with atovaquone-proguanil versus 53% of patients treated with amodiaquine.

5 Pediatric Exclusivity Studies: Atovaquone-Proguanil Malaria Prophylaxis Trials Trial 2 (n=330): A double-blind placebo-controlled study evaluating the safety and efficacy of atovaquone-proguanil in the prevention of P. falciparum malaria in an endemic area in pediatric patients weighing kg Method: Patients with acute P. falciparum malaria were treated with artesunate and subsequently randomized to either atovaquone-proguanil or placebo for malaria prophylaxis. Result: <1% of patients treated with atovaquone-proguanil for prophylaxis had treatment failure versus 22% of untreated patients.

6 Pediatric Exclusivity Studies: Atovaquone-Proguanil Malaria Prophylaxis Trials (continued) Trial 3 (n=221): An international, open label, randomized trial to compare atovaquone-proguanil to chloroquine-proguanil in the prevention of malaria in non-immune pediatric patients weighing kg traveling to an endemic area Result: Study was not large enough to allow for statements of comparative efficacy

7 Labeling Changes Resulting from Exclusivity Studies Added pharmacokinetic clearance data as a function of body weight for pediatric patients ≥11 kg Extended labeling of atovaquone-proguanil down to 5 kg for the treatment of acute, uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria Added safety data for pediatric patients 5 to <11 kg who received atovaquone-proguanil for the treatment of acute uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria

8 Pediatric Use- Most commonly reported adverse events attributable to atovaquone-proguanil: –Treatment of malaria (5- <11 kg): diarrhea –Treatment of malaria (11-40 kg): vomiting and pruritis Pediatric Use- Most commonly reported adverse events possibly attributable to atovaquone-proguanil or placebo: –Prophylaxis of malaria (≥11 kg): headache, fever and abdominal pain Other treatment emergent adverse events observed in pediatric studies of prophylaxis: –Abdominal pain & vomiting –Headache –Cough Relevant Safety Labeling

9 Labeled Post-Marketing Adverse Events Skin: Cutaneous reactions ranging from rash, photosensitivity, and urticaria to rare cases of erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome Central Nervous System: Rare cases of seizures and psychotic events (such as hallucinations); however, a causal relationship has not been established

10 Adverse Event Reports since Market Approval: Atovaquone-Proguanil 07/14/00 – 09/06/04 Total number of reports, all ages †* : –293 reports (76 US) 240 serious (37 US) –6 deaths (0 US) Pediatric reports * : –17 reports (3 US) 15 serious (2 US) –3 deaths (0 US) (2 unduplicated reports) † Includes reports with unknown age * Counts may include duplicate reports

11 Pediatric Deaths Prior to Post- Exclusivity Period (n=2) (Foreign Reports) Both deaths occurred while on treatment for P. falciparum malaria –14 month old with severe anemia, three days presumed fever, and hepatosplenomegaly Treated with chloroquine and paracetamol for two days Parasite count of 733/200 WBC and hematocrit of 12% Received two days of atovaquone-proguanil and became dyspneic with increasing anemia and severe hypoglycemia. Placed on oxygen and died before receiving blood transfusion Death presumed to be due to severe malarial anemia and hypoglycemia but causal link to atovaquone-proguanil could not be excluded

12 Pediatric Deaths Prior to Post- Exclusivity Period (n=2) (Foreign Reports cont.) 22 month old with severe anemia, five days of presumed fever, anorexia, occasional vomiting and tachycardia –Treated with chloroquine and paracetamol for three days –Parasite count of 730/230 WBC and hematocrit of 14% –Received one dose of atovaquone-proguanil and subsequently patient deteriorated and died 45 minutes after the dose –Death presumed to be due to severe malarial anemia but causal link to atovaquone-proguanil could not be excluded

13 Adverse Event Reports during the One- Year Post-Exclusivity Period: Atovaquone-Proguanil 08/06/03 – 09/06/04 Total number of reports, all ages †* : –122 reports (40 US) 89 serious (8 US) –No deaths Pediatric reports * : –7 reports (3 US) 6 serious (2 US) –No deaths † Includes reports with unknown age * Counts may include duplicate reports

14 Top 10 Reported Adult Adverse Events during the One-Year Post- Exclusivity Period –Nausea –Vomiting –Abdominal Pain –Headache –Dizziness –Insomnia –Nightmares –Pyrexia –Fatigue –Abortion spontaneous Underlined events = Unlabeled events

15 Pediatric Adverse Events during the One-Year Post-Exclusivity Period 4 cases of allergic type reactions –Facial edema +fever –Blepharitis +drug ineffective +malaria –Drug hypersensitivity +pruritus +urticaria –Acute psoriaform reaction (AST and ALT increased) Underlined events = Unlabeled events Unduplicated pediatric reports in patients on atovaquone- proguanil for malaria prophylaxis:

16 Pediatric Adverse Events during the One-Year Post-Exclusivity Period (cont.) 16 yr. old on atovaquone-proguanil for 19 days for malaria prophylaxis –1-2 days after completing malaria prophylaxis patient woke up with blurry vision and was “unable to see 3 inches”. Saw MD, ophthalmologist, and retinal specialist and was given prescription glasses. Reported by non-health professional who described this patient as being “legally blind”. –Ophthalmologist diagnosis was “Acute myopia possible drug effect”. Retinal specialist noted retinal striae in both eyes. –Resolved after one week

17 Summary: Pediatric Adverse Events Eye Disorders –Current labeling for atovaquone-proguanil derived from the results of an adult malaria prophylaxis trial lists “visual difficulties” in 2% of patients on atovaquone-proguanil versus 3% in patients on mefloquine. –Since marketing approval, there have been post-marketing AERS reports in adults of visual blurring (3), eye pain (2), eye swelling (2), and eye disorders (2). Hypersensitivity, including cutaneous reactions, has been addressed in current labeling. Elevation of transaminases associated with treatment of malaria have also been described in current labeling.

18 Summary: Atovaquone-Proguanil This completes the one-year post- exclusivity AE monitoring as mandated by BPCA. FDA recommends routine monitoring of AEs for this drug in all populations. Does the Advisory Committee concur?

19 Acknowledgements ODS Mark Avigan Gerald Dal Pan Michael Evans Andrea Feight Melissa Truffa DSPIDP Renata Albrecht Maureen Tierney Yon Yu ORP Roy Castle, Jr.