REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Male Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System (frontal view) See p. 62 in Review book

Male Reproductive System Scrotum – sac of skin that holds testes. Hangs below body to keep testes cool. Sperm cannot be produced if body is too warm. Testes move into scrotum just before birth. Testis/testes – male gonads. Made up of small, coiled tubes – seminiferous tubules. 300-600 per testis. Immature sperm made here. Secrete testosterone 3. Semen – a thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system.

Male Reproductive System Epididymis – storage area in upper rear of testis. Immature sperm move here to mature – takes 18 hours. Vas deferens – tube that leads upwards from each testis into lower part of abdomen from epididymis. Cowper’s gland – produces fluids that nourish sperm and protect them from the acidity of female. Combination of sperm and fluids - semen

Male Reproductive System 6. Rectum – holds wastes 7. Seminal vesicles – same job as Cowper’s gland 8. Urinary bladder – stores urine 9. Prostate gland – same job as Cowper’s gland and seminal vesicles 10. Urethra – passageway for excretion of urine and for sperm to leave body. Vas deferens empties into urethra

Male Reproductive System 11. Penis – male reproductive organ. Facilitates internal fertilization Ejaculation – muscular contractions force semen through urethra. Before, during and after ejaculation reflex actions keep outlet of bladder closed

Caring for Male Reproductive System Get regular checkups Bathe regularly Wear protective gear Perform regular self-examinations Practice abstinence

Female Reproductive System oviduct ovary Urinary bladder uterus urethra rectum cervix vagina

Female Reproductive System (frontal view)

Female Reproductive System Ovary – female gonads. Secrete estrogen – produces secondary characteristics, menstrual cycle Produces eggs – 2 ovaries 4cms long, 2 cms wide

Follicles – each ovary contains 200,000 egg sacs called follicles Follicles – each ovary contains 200,000 egg sacs called follicles. In each follicle is an immature egg. - All the eggs are present at birth. During the woman’s lifetime 500 eggs mature - When an egg matures, follicle moves to surface of ovary. - Follicle breaks & releases the egg – ovulation - Egg can be fertilized for about 24 hours after ovulation

Female Reproductive System 2. Oviduct (fallopian tube) – Each ovary is near but not connected to oviduct. Tube with funnel-like opening. Cilia line it to create a current that draws the egg into the tube. Egg is fertilized in the oviduct 3. Uterus – thick, muscular, pear-shaped organ. Once egg is fertilized it finishes its development in uterus attached to uterine wall

Female Reproductive System 4. Urinary bladder – storage of urine 5. Urethra – passage of urine to outside of body 6. Vagina (birth canal) – leads to outside of body 7. Cervix – narrow neck of uterus 8. Rectum – passage for wastes

The Menstrual Cycle What is the menstrual cycle? Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from the ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg Menarche: first menstrual period – usually occurs between 11 and 12 Menopause: time when a woman stops menstruating, usually between 45 & 55 and is no longer able to conceive.

Fertilization The joining of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell – can result if ejaculation occurs during sexual intercourse.

Ovulation to Implantation Ovary – produces estrogen & progesterone – meiosis occurs & egg develops Egg matures in follicle of ovary Ovulation – egg or mature ovum released from follicle – may live for 24 hours – each month - egg moves into fallopian tube by cilia

Ovulation to Implantation Events in fallopian tube Fertilization occurs here. Sperm lives 4-5 days (egg lives 1 day) Zygote undergoes mitosis & travels down fallopian tube within 6-10 days. Zygote is ready to implant into uterus.

Ovulation to Implantation Events in uterus Implantation – embryo implants/embeds into uterine lining & secretes hormone HCG to signal its arrival Cell Differentiation – cells divide by mitosis & become different due to gene expression. Different embryo parts will form.

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Menstrual Cycle Animation

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Definition: Disease spread from one person to another during sexual contact Types of STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, genital herpes, HIV, trichomonas Reducing Risky Behavior a. Avoid sexual contact b. Avoid intravenous drug use

Child with gonorrheal infection in the eyes

Advanced syphilis

Genital herpes

Other Issues - MEN Inguinal Hernia – a separation of tissue that allows part of the intestine to push into the abdominal wall near the top of the scrotum Lump in the groin near thigh Pain in the groin Partial or complete blockage of the intestine (severe cases) Surgery is usually necessary for repair.

Other Issues - MEN Sterility – inability to reproduce Males: too few sperm – fewer than 20 million per milliliter of fluid. Environmental Hazards Exposure to X-rays/Radiation Toxic Chemicals Lead Hormonal Imbalances Medications Use of Drugs Anabolic Steroids STDs/Mumps as adult

Other Issues - MEN Testicular Cancer Prostate Problems Males ages 14-40 years. Factors increase risk Warning Signs: Painless/swollen lump Pain or discomfort in scrotum or testicle Undescended testicle Abnormal development Family history Prostate Problems Can become enlarged as a result of infection, tumor, and age-related problems. Presses against urethra Difficult urination

Other Issues - Women Menstrual Cramps Vaginitis – irritation of the vagina due to yeast or bacteria (can cause infertility if not treated) Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

Problems Related to Infertility Endometriosis – tissue grows outside of the uterus Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)

Female Reproductive Disorders Blocked Fallopian Tube Ovarian Cysts Cervical, uterine, or ovarian cancer