Aquaculture of Fishes Biology of Fishes

Presentation Guidelines Presentation Guidelines Syllabus Revisions Syllabus Revisions Guest Lecture 2 – Dr. Charles Madenjian – USGS Great Lakes Science Center Guest Lecture 2 – Dr. Charles Madenjian – USGS Great Lakes Science Center Aquaculture – related to fish ecology & diversity Aquaculture – related to fish ecology & diversity Overview

Guidelines online Guidelines online All groups submit written reports All groups submit written reports Attendance required at all student presentations Attendance required at all student presentations Student Presentations material will be on Final Exam Student Presentations material will be on Final Exam Presentation Guidelines

November 13 – Biogeography, conservation, genetics November 13 – Biogeography, conservation, genetics November 15 – Conservation ecology case study synthesis November 15 – Conservation ecology case study synthesis November 20 – Exam 2 November 20 – Exam 2 November 22 – Thanksgiving Break November 22 – Thanksgiving Break November 27 – Student Presentations November 27 – Student Presentations November 29 – Guest Lecture 3 November 29 – Guest Lecture 3 December 4, 6, 11 – Student Presentations December 4, 6, 11 – Student Presentations Syllabus Revisions

Dr. Charles Madenjian – USGS Great Lakes Science Center Dr. Charles Madenjian – USGS Great Lakes Science Center Dynamics of the Lake Michigan Food Web Dynamics of the Lake Michigan Food Web Assignment Part 1 hard copy due at start of class Assignment Part 1 hard copy due at start of class Guest Lecture 2

Aquaculture – the farming of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions (fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, aquatics plants, etc). Aquaculture – the farming of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions (fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, aquatics plants, etc). Farming of fishes is the most common form (what we will focus on). Farming of fishes is the most common form (what we will focus on). 2 Primary categories we will focus on (often overlap) 2 Primary categories we will focus on (often overlap) Grow-out aquaculture for direct human consumption Grow-out aquaculture for direct human consumption Hatchery and stocking operations – release fishes into wild to supplement exploited or declining stocks Hatchery and stocking operations – release fishes into wild to supplement exploited or declining stocks Aquaculture

Aquaculture – example types Aquaculture – example types Mariculture – cultivation of marine organisms in seawater Mariculture – cultivation of marine organisms in seawater Polyculture – cultivation of multiple species Polyculture – cultivation of multiple species Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture – by-products of one species are recycled as inputs for another species Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture – by-products of one species are recycled as inputs for another species Aquaculture

Aquaculture – example types Aquaculture – example types Extensive – utilizes cages/pens, but relies on natural food supply Extensive – utilizes cages/pens, but relies on natural food supply Semi-intensive – feeding supplements or fertilizer to encourage feed production Semi-intensive – feeding supplements or fertilizer to encourage feed production Intensive – highly subsidized, large inputs of feed; highest yields, but highest ecological impacts Intensive – highly subsidized, large inputs of feed; highest yields, but highest ecological impacts Aquaculture

Aquaculture – the farming of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions Aquaculture – the farming of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions Practiced by humans for thousands of years Practiced by humans for thousands of years 6000 BC Australia – eel culture via landlocked ponds 6000 BC Australia – eel culture via landlocked ponds 2500 BC China – carp aquaculture 2500 BC China – carp aquaculture 1000 years ago in Hawaii – oceanic ponds 1000 years ago in Hawaii – oceanic ponds Aquaculture

Aquaculture Global harvest of aquatic organisms in million tons, 1950–2010, (Food & Agriculture Organization of UN)

Fisheries provide 16-19% of human animal protein consumption Fisheries provide 16-19% of human animal protein consumption ~1 billion people rely on fish for most of their protein (especially in developing nations) ~1 billion people rely on fish for most of their protein (especially in developing nations) Increased pressure on fisheries with increasing population Increased pressure on fisheries with increasing population Wild supply/CPUE leveled off at 90 MMT in late 1980s Wild supply/CPUE leveled off at 90 MMT in late 1980s Yields increased in recent years to 120 MMT largely due to aquaculture Yields increased in recent years to 120 MMT largely due to aquaculture Aquaculture expanded from 5 MMT (1950) to 30 MMT (1990s) Aquaculture expanded from 5 MMT (1950) to 30 MMT (1990s) Aquaculture will be needed, but can it be done sustainably? Aquaculture will be needed, but can it be done sustainably? Aquaculture

Pros Pros Economically important Economically important Access to animal protein Access to animal protein Relieve pressure of overfishing Relieve pressure of overfishing Restocking wild populations, conservation (captive propagation) Restocking wild populations, conservation (captive propagation) Cons Cons Ecological efficiency (lack thereof) Ecological efficiency (lack thereof) Pollution (disease, parasites, nutrient loading) Pollution (disease, parasites, nutrient loading) Escapes Escapes Aquaculture

Usually done to enhance growth rate Usually done to enhance growth rate Highly debated, lack of solid research Highly debated, lack of solid research Growth hormones Growth hormones Antifreeze genes Antifreeze genes Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Pros Pros Increased growth & feeding efficiency (market size faster) Increased growth & feeding efficiency (market size faster) tilapia % faster growth, 2.9x feed conversion, 3.6x less food tilapia % faster growth, 2.9x feed conversion, 3.6x less food Chinook salmon – 10-30x growth rate w/ hormone & antifreeze genes Chinook salmon – 10-30x growth rate w/ hormone & antifreeze genes Increased disease resistance Increased disease resistance Potential health benefits (l ower cholesterol) Potential health benefits (l ower cholesterol) Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Cons Cons Deformities Deformities Non-adaptive characteristics (feeding behavior, swimming ability) Non-adaptive characteristics (feeding behavior, swimming ability) Perceived potential health hazards (not well-supported*) Perceived potential health hazards (not well-supported*) Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Example species/systems Example species/systems Atlantic salmon – sea ranching Atlantic salmon – sea ranching Bluefin tuna – sea ranching Bluefin tuna – sea ranching Tilapia – intensive aquaculture Tilapia – intensive aquaculture Carps – polyculture Carps – polyculture Air-breathing fishes – sustainable aquaculture Air-breathing fishes – sustainable aquaculture Aquaculture

“Sea Ranching” - process of growing out salmon in net pens until market size. “Sea Ranching” - process of growing out salmon in net pens until market size. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) most common species Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) most common species International scale practice (Norway, Chile, Canada = ~85% production in 2005) International scale practice (Norway, Chile, Canada = ~85% production in 2005) 1.3 million metric tons (2005), 90% S. salar; $4-5 billion USD 1.3 million metric tons (2005), 90% S. salar; $4-5 billion USD Pros: increased economic activity; healthy animal protein at reasonable price; pressure off wild stocks Pros: increased economic activity; healthy animal protein at reasonable price; pressure off wild stocks Cons: low ecological efficiency, 2.5 kg fishmeal: 1 kg salmon Cons: low ecological efficiency, 2.5 kg fishmeal: 1 kg salmon Aquaculture

Cons Cons Low ecological efficiency Low ecological efficiency Socioeconomic hardships (compare to wild-stock fisheries) Socioeconomic hardships (compare to wild-stock fisheries) Pollution (high density – high waste, nutrient pollution, organic sewage of 40 salmon ~ 1 person) Pollution (high density – high waste, nutrient pollution, organic sewage of 40 salmon ~ 1 person) Parasites, disease, antibiotics, pesticides (although debatable in some comparisons to wild fish) Parasites, disease, antibiotics, pesticides (although debatable in some comparisons to wild fish) Escapes (disease, hybridization, competition) Escapes (disease, hybridization, competition) Sea Ranching

Cons Cons Sea Ranching

Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) Very early stages, minimal success Very early stages, minimal success Large species, special requirements Large species, special requirements May contribute to current overfishing May contribute to current overfishing Valuable species ($396,000 for one fish) Valuable species ($396,000 for one fish) Aquaculture

Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) Aquaculture

Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Aquaculture

Carps (various cyprinid species), commonly polycultured Carps (various cyprinid species), commonly polycultured Grass, silver, bighead, common carps Grass, silver, bighead, common carps Cultured primarily in Asia Cultured primarily in Asia Introduced in US and elsewhere Introduced in US and elsewhere Aquaculture

Air-breathing fishes – several species (Channa, Clarias, Osphronemus, Arapaima, Protopterus, Atractosteus) Air-breathing fishes – several species (Channa, Clarias, Osphronemus, Arapaima, Protopterus, Atractosteus) Numerous advantages over other fishes Numerous advantages over other fishes Aquaculture

Air-breathing fishes – several species (Channa, Clarias, Osphronemus, Arapaima, Protopterus, Atractosteus) Air-breathing fishes – several species (Channa, Clarias, Osphronemus, Arapaima, Protopterus, Atractosteus) Numerous advantages over other fishes Numerous advantages over other fishes Tolerant of lower water quality (conducive to high-density culture) Tolerant of lower water quality (conducive to high-density culture) Lower technology required for culture Lower technology required for culture Most species exhibit rapid growth and readily accept artificial feed Most species exhibit rapid growth and readily accept artificial feed May be more adaptive options for culture in the face of climate change May be more adaptive options for culture in the face of climate change Aquaculture

Air-breathing Fishes

Will likely be a necessity to meet future fish & seafood supply and demand Will likely be a necessity to meet future fish & seafood supply and demand Sustainable practices necessary to reduce negative impacts Sustainable practices necessary to reduce negative impacts High economic potential High economic potential Much further research is necessary Much further research is necessary Aquaculture