Movements and Joints Kinesiology Terms

Planes of the Body

Extension and Flexion

Supination and Pronation

Abduction and Adduction

Inversion and Eversion

Protraction and Retraction

Elevation and Depression

Opposition

Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion

Internal & External Rotation

Rotation To turn the moving bone about its axis Known as Lateral Rotation in the neck!

Horizontal Abduction & Adduction Moving away from the midline in the horizontal plane Horizontal Adduction Moving toward the midline in the horizontal plane

Circumduction Circumduction: Flexion, Abduction, Extension, Adduction in sequence

Lateral Flexion Flexion toward the outside of the body

Simple, Compound, and Complex Vary in size and shape. Simple Joint: A joint with only two articulating surfaces Examples: Hip and Ankle (talotibal) Compound Joint: A joint with three or more articulating surfaces Example: Wrist Complex Joint: A joint with more than two articulating surfaces and with a disc or fibrocartilage Example: Knee.

Hinge Joint The hinge joint allows movement in one plane (flexion, extension) Examples: Distal Interphalageal (DIP) and Proximal Interphalageal (PIP) joints of the phalanges in the foot and hand Ulnohumeral articulation at the elbow

Gliding (Plane) Joints Movement consists of two flat surfaces that slide over each other to allow movement. In the hand the Carpals will slide over each other as the hand is moved to positions of flexion, extension, radial deviation, or ulnar deviation. In the foot, the Tarsals shift during pronation and supination, sliding over each other in the process.

Gliding (Plane) Joints

Ellipsoid Joint The ellipsoid joint allows movement in two planes (flexion, extension; abduction, adduction) Examples: The radiocarpal articulation at the wrist The metacarpophalangeal articulation in the phalanges.

Saddle Joint The saddle joint only found at the carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb Allows two planes of motion (flexion, extension; abduction, adduction) with a small amount of rotation also allowed. It is similar to the ellipsoid joint in function

Pivot Joint The pivot joint also allows movement in one plane (rotation; pronation, supination) Examples: superior and inferior radioulnar joint The Atlas-Axis articulation at the base of the skull.

Condylar Joints Allows primary movement in one plane flexion, extension) with small amounts of movement in another plane (rotation). Examples: The knee joint The temporomandibular joint

Ball-and-Socket Joint Allows movement in three planes (flexion, extension; abduction, adduction; rotation) Most mobile joint Examples: The hip The Shoulder

Amphiarthrodial Joints Bones held together by either hyaline cartilage Example: epiphyseal plates Or by fibrocartilage Example: pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs The movement is very limited, although not to the degree of the synarthodial joints.

Synarthroidal Joint Allow little or no movement to occur between the bones and hold the bones firmly together. Some bones are held together by fibrous articulations Examples: Sutures of the Skull Distal Tibiofibular Joint

Closed vs. Open Joint Position As movement occurs through a range of motion, the actual contact area varies between the articulating surfaces

Major Joints of the Body Type Degrees of Freedom Vertebrae Amphiarthroidial 3 Hip Ball-and-Socket Shoulder Knee Condyloid 2 Wrist Ellipsoid Metacarpophalangeal (fingers) Carpometacarpal (thumb) Saddle Elbow Hinge 1 Radioulnar Pivot Atlantoaxial Ankle Interphalangeal

Prone and Supine Supine: Face upward; on your back Prone: Face downward; on your stomach

Anterior vs. Posterior Cornonal (Frontal) Plane splits the body into anterior / posterior sections Anterior: Front of the body or body part Posterior: Back of the body or body part

Lateral vs. Medial When the body is split along the Mid Sagittal or Median Sagittal Plane Lateral: Away from the midline of the body Anatomical position Medial: Toward the midline of the body

Distal vs. Proximal Distal: Proximal: Farthest from a point of attachment to the body Proximal: Used to describe where the appendage joins the body

Inferior vs. Superior Transverse or Horizontal Plane Inferior: Toward the bottom of the body or body part Superior: Toward the top of the body or body part

Superficial vs. Deep Superficial: Deep (visceral): Toward the surface of the body Deep (visceral): Deep inside the body

Dorsal vs. Ventral Mostly used in animals Dorsal (anterior): Upper Surface Ventral (posterior): Bottom Surface

Internal vs. External Internal: External: Deeper Inside Toward Near the surface Outside Away

Volar, Palmar, and Plantar Ventral aspect of the fingers Palmar: Ventral aspect of the hand (palm of the hand) Plantar: Ventral aspect of the foot (sole of the foot)

Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral One sided; pertaining to one side Contralateral: Both sides; Bilateral