Animal fats → health problems Healthy eating style Oil discharged Alternative source of energy

 Petroleum is running out  Little or no modifications of diesel engines needed  Biodegradable  Nontoxic, safe to use  Renewable

 No sulphur dioxide emission  Higher cetane number  Leaves less dirt in tank and fuel system  Useful by-product obtained  glycerine

 Transesterfication Useful Products:  1) glycerin 2) esters NaOH

To investigate the possibility of using different kinds of lipids (fats and oils) To investigate the possibility of using different kinds of lipids (fats and oils) in the production of Biodiesel. in the production of Biodiesel. To compare the effectiveness of different kinds of Biodiesel. To compare the effectiveness of different kinds of Biodiesel. To investigate the possible uses of To investigate the possible uses of the by-product glycerin. the by-product glycerin.

A.MAKING BIODIESEL

Extraction of animal fats (Pig oil)

Mix 0.7g of NaOH(s) and 40 cm 3 of methanol to from sodium methoxide

Mix sodium methoxide and 200ml of oil/fat, with continuous stirring using a magnetic stirrer. Temperature monitored by a thermometer and maintained at 50 o C

Using separating funnel to separate biodiesel from glycerin Biodiesel Glycerin

Removing unreacted sodium hydroxide and methanol Water for washing Biodiesel Washing biodiesel using water Before washing, biodiesel turns pH paper blue.

Biodiesel with traces of water remains after washing Dry cobalt(II) chloride paper turns from blue to pink.

Biodiesel is dripping through a column packed with anhydrous calcium sulphate.

Dried Biodiesel tested with dry cobalt (II) chloride paper Dry cobalt(II) chloride paper remains blue

Biodiesel made up of chicken oil Various kinds of Biodiesels Biodiesel made up of pig oil Biodiesel made up of waste oil Biodiesel made up of canola oil

Self-made Calorimeter To measure the energy released by burning different Biodiesel

RunFuel 1Pig Oil Fuel 2Chicken Oil Fuel 3Waste Canola Oil Fuel 4Canola Oil Fuel 5Canola Oil Fuel mixed with Pig Oil Fuel (2:1) 6Canola Oil Fuel mixed with Pig Oil Fuel (1:1) 7 Canola Oil Fuel mixed with Chicken Oil Fuel (1:1)

FuelEnergy released (J / g) Pig Oil Fuel Chicken Oil Fuel Waste Canola Oil Fuel Canola Oil Fuel Canola Oil Fuel mixed with Pig Oil Fuel (2:1) Canola Oil Fuel mixed with Pig Oil Fuel (1:1) Canola Oil Fuel mixed with Chicken Oil Fuel (1:1) 33174

- to see which fuel produces the least amount of soot

Fuel Sootiness of flame (Scale: ＊ not sooty → ＊ ＊ ＊＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊＊ ＊ very sooty) Pig Oil Fuel ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ Chicken Oil Fuel ＊＊ ＊ ＊＊ ＊ ＊ Waste Canola Oil Fuel ＊ ＊＊ ＊ Canola Oil Fuel ＊ Canola Oil Fuel mix with Pig Oil Fuel (2:1) ＊ ＊＊ ＊ Canola Oil Fuel mix with Pig Oil Fuel (1:1) ＊ ＊ ＊＊ ＊ ＊ Canola Oil Fuel mix with Chicken Oil Fuel (1:1) ＊ ＊ ＊＊ ＊ ＊

- to determine which fuel retains its fluidity and flows best at low temperature

Uses of side-product of biodiesel production: Glycerin 3 cm 3 of castor oil is added to 45 cm 3 of NaOH. NaOH Castor oil Preparation of Glycerin Soap

The mixture was then heated for 30 mins with constant stirring.

A few cm 3 of glycerin and 20 ml of ethanol are added to the mixture with constant stirring.

Some saturated NaCl solution is then poured into the mixture for salting out the soap.

The residue is filtered and washed with distilled water, then set hard in a mould to obtain the glycerin soap. Glycerin Soap

Error Ways to improve  Heat loss to the surroundings during measurement of the heat of combustion  Improve the accuaracy of the calorimeter - reduce heat exchange between the environment and the set-up - burn a greater mass of biodiesel and use a larger amount of water for measuring the temperature rise

 During the formation of Biodiesel, temperature of the mixture was not always kept below 60 o C - methanol might evaporate - formation of Biodiesel was affected Error Ways to improve  Use a spotlight or a heat lamp which can control the temperature steadily to around 50 o C - rapid evaporation of methanol is prevented - Biodiesel can be formed more effectively

 During the measurement of sootiness of the flame, comparison was only made by naked eyes. Error Ways to improve  Using “weighing by difference” to measure the mass of soot being formed.

1. Pour Point 1. Pour Point use dry ice -to lower the temperature below 0 o C 2. Perform more systematic blending between different types of oils for 2. Perform more systematic blending between different types of oils for better comparison: 1) the more energy-efficient Biodiesel 2) the one which produces the least amount of soot

3. Explore the possibility of using other animal fats to produce biodiesel 4. Compare the amount of energy and soot produced by biodiesel and conventional diesel.

1. The most efficient fuel is… releases the greatest amount of energy per gram performed best when testing the pour point highest fluidity at 0 o C

2. Animal fats can also be used to produce biodiesel Animal fatsBiodiesel

Production of Biodiesel can be shifted from Vegetable Oil to Animal Fats Conclusion (cont’) Production of Biodiesel

Animal-Fat Biodiesel vs Vegetable oil Biodiesel - larger cetane number, - better ignition quality Food source for direct consumption - smaller cetane number, - poorer ignition quality Animal-Fat BiodieselVegetable-Oil Fuel Conclusion (cont’) More expensive fuel stock due to increasing demand and running out of raw materials under extreme weather Guarantees a steady supply of fat and avoids shortage Making use of waste instead of materials that have alternative uses. Releases more energy Releases less energy

After further refining, glycerin can be used in  Soap  Food  Pharmaceutical products  Drugs  Cosmetics The crude glycerin can be used to produce  Hydrogen which can be used as automobile fuel

      Photos: pheader_460x1000/0901_8l_01+readers_diesel_trucks+2008_f250.jpg history-pakistan.html

Conservation of Natural Resources  Conservation of Energy, Land and Water Reduces Emission of - sulphur dioxide - waste water - hazardous waste compared to petroleum

 Continuous Microbial Fermentation ---Ito et al. (2005)  Catalytic reforming operating at moderate temperatures and pressures. ---Wood (2002)  Steam reforming of glycerin in the gas phase with metals catalysts. ---Hirai et al. (2005)

Biodiesel compare with Ethanol  Biodiesel is also not the same as ethanol. Ethanol is a renewable biofuel made primarily from corn and intended for use in gasoline- powered engines, while biodiesel is a renewable biofuel made from a variety of materials and designed for use in diesel engines, with different properties and benefits.

For Extracting fats  Pan (1)  Wooden Spoon(1)  Heater(1) For producing Biodiesel  250mL beaker(1)  Magnetic stirrer(1)  Clamp and stand (1)  Thermometer(1)  Pestle(1)  Mortar(1) For separating Biodiesel from glycerol Separating funnel(1) 250mL beaker(1) Separating Funnel(1) For washing the fuel Separating funnel(1) 250mL beaker(1) For burning the fuel Clamp and stand(1) Evaporating dish(1) 7cm cotton string(7) Aluminium can(1) Cardboard(1)

 Methanol  Sodium hydroxide  Chicken oil  Pig adipose tissue  Waste oil from tuck shop  Canola oil