TLS/SSL Review

Transport Layer Security A 30-second history Secure Sockets Layer was developed by Netscape in 1994 as a protocol which permitted persistent and secure transactions. In 1997 an Open Source version of Netscape’s patented version was created, which is now OpenSSL. In 1999 the existing protocol was extended by a version now known as Transport Layer Security (TLS). By convention, the term "SSL" is used even when technically the TLS protocol is being used.

TLS: Server Certificate Authentication –Server and/or client identity is verified via certificate. Privacy –Data is encrypted with block cipher –Cipher key is exchanged via public key

TLS: Server Certificate Verification The client browser recognizes the Certificate Authority and thus verifies the authenticity of the connection.

Failed Verification If there is a conflict between the name on the certificate and the name of the server, the browser pops up a “Domain Name Mismatch” notice, allowing the user to decide whether to continue.

Cert Request: CSR CSR: Certificate Signing Request It contains: o Information about the organization (organization name, country, etc...) o Web Server's public key o A unique mathematical match to server's private key.

Cert Request: CSR (cont.) Let’s Create one

Cert Request Go to Common Name: ricardoserver.sdsu.edu Server software: Certificate Term: 1,2, or 3 years CSR: 2048-bit CSR Pass-phrase: (Don’t use)

Cert Request

Cert Request: Type Certificate TypeDescription & Purpose Single domain (Incommon SSL Certificate) SSL certificate protects a single domain e.g. These are the "traditional" SSL certificates that have been in use since the advent of the SSL protocol. Multiple domain (Incommon Multi-domain SSL certificate) A multiple domain certificate allows you protect multiple host names with a single SSL certificate. These are also known as SAN (Subject Alternative Name) certificates. Up to 100 domain names can be included in a multi- domain certificate. These certificates are often used on a single servers hosting many web sites to eliminate the need to use unique IP addresses for each web site e.g. and

Cert Request: Type (cont.) Certificate TypeDescription & Purpose Wildcard (Incommon wildcard SSL certificate) A wildcard certificate protects a domain and unlimited subdomains of that domain e.g. (not used for sdsu.edu) UCC Exchange (Incommon Unified Communications Certificate) A unified communications certificate allows you to protect multiple host names with a single SSL certificate. Specifically designed for Microsoft Exchange and Microsoft Office Communications Server. Newer versions of Microsoft products will work with multi-domain certificates.

Cert Request: Type (cont.) Certificate TypeDescription & Purpose Extended validation single domain (Comodo EV SGC SSL certificate) An Extended Validation certificate protects a single domain e.g. my.sdsu.edu. However, the certificate is issued according to a specific set of identity verification criteria. Certificates issued by a CA under the EV guidelines are not structurally different from other certificates but are designated with a CA-specific policy identifier so that EV-aware software (browsers) can recognize them and display the "green bar". Extended validation multiple domain (Comodo EV multi-domain SSL certificate) See above, except this certificate can protect multiple domains.

Cert Request: Hello, You have successfully enrolled for an InCommon SSL certificate. You now need to complete the following steps: * Click the following link to download your SSL certificate (generally try to use a version that includes intermediates & root or your certificate may be rejected by some older clients) Format(s) most suitable for your server software: as X509 Certificate only, Base64 encoded: manager.com/customer/InCommon/ssl?action=download&sslId=xxxx&format=x509CO as X509 Intermediates/root only, Base64 encoded: manager.com/customer/InCommon/ssl?action=download&sslId=xxxx&format=x509IO as X509 Intermediates/root only Reverse, Base64 encoded: manager.com/customer/InCommon/ssl?action=download&sslId=xxxxx&format=x509IOR Other available formats: as PKCS#7 Base64 encoded: manager.com/customer/InCommon/ssl?action=download&sslId=xxxxxx&format=base64 as PKCS#7 Bin encoded: manager.com/customer/InCommon/ssl?action=download&sslId=xxxxx&format=bin as X509, Base64 encoded: manager.com/customer/InCommon/ssl?action=download&sslId=xxxxxx&format=x509 manager.com/customer/InCommon/ssl?action=download&sslId=xxxx&format=x509COhttps://cert- manager.com/customer/InCommon/ssl?action=download&sslId=xxxx&format=x509IOhttps://cert- manager.com/customer/InCommon/ssl?action=download&sslId=xxxxx&format=x509IORhttps://cert- manager.com/customer/InCommon/ssl?action=download&sslId=xxxxxx&format=base64https://cert- manager.com/customer/InCommon/ssl?action=download&sslId=xxxxx&format=binhttps://cert- manager.com/customer/InCommon/ssl?action=download&sslId=xxxxxx&format=x509

Cert Request: Which File to download? X509 Certificate only, Base64 encoded This file contains only your domain/entity certificate and is commonly used with Apache-based systems (Apache Directive: SSLCertificateFile), Tomcat and Oracle Wallet Manager. X509 Intermediates/root only, Base64 encoded This file includes only the Root and Intermediate CA certificates (in order) for your domain/entity certificate. X509 Intermediates/root only (Reverse), Base64 encoded This file contains only the Intermediate(s) and Root CA certificates (in reverse order) and is commonly used with Apache-based systems (Apache2 Directive: SSLCertificateChainfile). This file is also known as a 'CA Bundle' or 'Certificate Chain File'. Other available formats: PKCS#7 Base64 encoded PKCS#7 Bin encoded PKCS#7 is commonly used with IIS 5.x and later. This file contains the: Root, Intermediate(s) and your certificate; all rolled into a single file. X509, Base64 encoded This file typically includes (in order): Root, Intermediate(s) and your certificate.

Cert Request: PKCS#7 vs. X509? PKCS#7 is a cryptography standard published by RSA Security in 1993 that deals with data that has cryptography applied to it. Its a standard for how to package data securely. PKCS#7 references the X.509 standard, as the source for certificate formatting. X.509 is a wide ranging security standards document published in 1998 which includes amongst other things, certificate file formats. X.509 specifies that certificates should be encoded using the Distinguished Encoding Rules of the ASN.1 (documented in the X.208 and now X.608) standard, first published in So, DER says how to encode some strings and numeric source data into a binary format, X.509 says which data needs to go into a digital certificate, and PKCS#7 says how that certificate should be used, to digitally sign a message.

SSL Cert: Install Add to httpd.conf –SSLEngine on –SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/ssl.key/server.key –SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/ssl.crt/yourDomainName.crt –SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/ssl/ssl.crt/yourDomainName.ca- bundle Restart apache

SSL Cert Expr. Monitoring Nagios Bash Script :

SSL Cert Thank you Questions: me at