Restoration of damaged ecosystems and endangered population 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 國立台南大學 環境與生態學院 教授

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
USDA May 21, 2003 Sustainable Rangelands Roundtable.
Advertisements

To what extent does the Natural Resources Management Act 2004 benefit biodiversity?
OUR ECOSYSTEM SEEMS HEALTHY, BUT CAN I SHOW IT? Development of an Ecosystem Indicator and Focus Species Management Plan National Military Fish and Wildlife.
Ecosystem-based adaptation helps to build the resilience of natural habitat and communities to climate change impacts and thereby reduce their vulnerability.
Planning for Species Translocations and Reintroductions Reed F. Noss University of Central Florida.
Outline: What is Conservation Biology?
自然保育學 Restoration ecology 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 國立 臺南大學 環境與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系 教授 靜宜大學 生態研究所 碩士班
Habitat Restoration I.Defining ecological restoration II.Some Central Concerns of Restoration Ecology III.Restoration Processes.
鄭先祐 (Ayo) 國立臺南大學 生態科學與技術學系 教授 Innovations in institutions to support people and the planet 1 生態議題論述 2011 Ayo NUTN Web:
Selecting issues for a research proposal 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 教授 國立台南大學 生態科學與技術學系 環境生態 + 生態旅遊 碩士班.
Introduction to Restoration Ecology What is ecological restoration?
Caring for The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park & World Heritage Area Dr Laurence McCook, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Pew Fellow in Marine.
World Forests Forests cover 30% of the world’s land surface.
Chapter 55: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology Conservation biology Integrates ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, & evolution to.
Wildlife Learning Objectives Birds, Mammals, Amphibians and Reptiles Species Identification: Identify wildlife species common to NS and the.
10-5 What is the Ecosystem Approach to Sustaining Biodiversity?
Biodiversity RX Treatment for a Healthy Ecosystem.
Chicago Wilderness: An Ecosystem Management Plan Katy Berlin Shelly Charron Lisa DuRussel NRE 317 April 11, 2001.
Lecture :TitleEcotourism Management Considerations
Community-based Education K-12 students serving as a resource for meeting community needs.
Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology Chapter 55.
Problem Definition Exercise. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service General Summary Responses from ½ of those surveyed (n=14/31) Broad and narrow in scope Narrow.
Defining Responsible Forest Management FSC Forest Certification Standards Defining Responsible Forest Management Version:
Heartland Network Heartland Network Natural Resource Monitoring Program.
What is the Ecosystem Approach to Sustaining Biodiversity?
Restoration Ecology.
US FOREST SERVICE REGIONAL ROUNDTABLE Planning Rule Revision Photographer: Bill Lea.
By: David Chang & Steven Tran.  Three Components:  Genetic Diversity  Genetic Variety within all populations of a species  (Uniqueness)  Ecosystem.
Climate Change: SEAFWA Thoughts? Ken Haddad, Executive Director Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission September 2007.
Fish and Wildlife Service Mission Conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American.
Measuring Habitat and Biodiversity Outcomes Sara Vickerman and Frank Casey September 26, 2013 Defenders of Wildlife.
Conservation values and Ethics (保育的價值與倫理)
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, AND ADAPTATION ASPECTS IN NATIONAL STRATEGIES ON POVERTY REDUCTION (NS- PR), SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN (SEDP)
Conservation Genetics the use and importance of genetic information 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 國立台南大學 環境與生態學院 教授
What is Restoration? The goals, objectives, targets and endpoints of restoration can be difficult to define. The following slides give a brief introduction.
Canada’s Ocean Strategy. The Oceans Act In 1997, Canada entrenched its commitment to our oceans by adopting the Oceans Act. In 1997, Canada entrenched.
Session 4: The Convention on Biological Diversity Making Access Decisions.
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992 (entered into force in December 1993) website: Dr Mahfuzul Haque.
Dominguez-Escalante National Conservation Area Dominguez Canyon Wilderness Resource Management Plan Scoping Meetings August 30 and 31, 2010.
Optimising results of protected area management efforts – a capacity building workshop Sportsman’s Arms Hotel, Kenya 27 th Nov – 1st Dec.
CURRENT TOPICS Ms. Burakiewicz Conservation. Vocabulary Aquatic Biodiversity Conservation Coral Reef Ecosystem Extinction Endangered Forest Genetic variation.
Spring 2009 BioForum Conservation Biology: The Principles and Practice of Conserving Life's Diversity Dr. Healy Hamilton, Moderator.
European Commission, DG Environment, Nature Unit
Research on Rural Resource Management and the Rural Economy: Addressing the Local and Regional Dimension Royal Society of Edinburgh 16 May 2007.
The CAR approach in the marine environment: an overview Helene Marsh School of Tropical Environment Studies and Geography James Cook University.
Earth – an island in space
A Pivotal Moment for Leaders Across the Gulf Coast States and Connected Communities Throughout the Country.
“The minimum flow for a given watercourse shall be the limit at which further withdrawals would be significantly harmful to the water resources or ecology.
CALIFORNIA'S STATE WILDLIFE ACTION PLAN 2015 UPDATE A Conservation Legacy for Californians Armand Gonzales, Project Lead.
Science requirements for implementing EBM Rob Stephenson DFO, St. Andrews Biological Station.
The science of conservation planning Course objective: a free-ranging examination of some key scientific principles and research needs pertaining to conservation.
Watershed Stewardship Program Status of Marin County Public Works Watershed Program 11/7/08 11/7/08.
Biodiversity Health Index Main Streams for Life John MacKinnon UNDP consultant June 2012.
South Bay Salt Pond Restoration-- Challenges to Ecological Restoration.
Adaptive Integrated Framework (AIF): a new methodology for managing impacts of multiple stressors in coastal ecosystems A bit more on AIF, project components.
Conservation Strategy Revisions: 1. Grassland Conservation Strategy Natural Temperate Grassland Button Wrinklewort Ginninderra Peppercress Baeuerlan’s.
Warm-up13APR2015 Make a list of all the animal species you observed today.
Introduction to Biodiversity Friday, January 22 nd, 2016.
Pp Conserving Biodiversity The modern science of conservation biology seeks to understand and protect biodiversity. Part of this task includes.
Benefits of Biodiversity Section 3. Does Biodiversity Matter?  Scientists have offered a number of concrete, tangible reasons for preserving biodiversity.
Marine Reserves 12/15/08. Laws protecting marine biodiversity 1975 Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) 1979 Global Treaty.
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Biology Chapter 5 Biological Diversity & Conservation.
Global Protected Areas Programme Protected areas.... Achieving quality.
International Union for Conservation of Nature Conserving biodiversity Pioneering nature’s solutions to global challenges.
Community Ecology -Conservation Biodiversity
Strategies Achieving our Goals
When and how to best consider the provision of the Habitats directive
Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology
Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management
Presentation transcript:

Restoration of damaged ecosystems and endangered population 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 國立台南大學 環境與生態學院 教授

2 Introduction  Given th extensive damage already caused by human activities, many scientists and practitioners turn to restoration as the primary means to conserve biodiversity.  Meaningful execution requires some measure of tenacity( 堅毅 ), clairvoyance ( 千里眼 ), and dumb luck( 運氣 ).

3 Contents  Ecological restoration  Animal reintroduction  Restoration in marine environments  Environmental regulations that drive restoration practice  Concluding thoughts

4 Supplements I  Essay 15.1 the happy eagle conservation program: research, conservation, and community-based education to save the national bird of Panama  Essay 15.2 achieving success in Mine reclamation: an example from semiarid lands in western Australia  Box 15.1 Genetic considerations in reintroduction  Box 15.2 other pertinent US legislation requiring restoration activities

5 Supplements II  Case study 15.1 restoring the nation ’ s wetlands: why, where, and how?  Case study 15.2 temperate riverine ecosystem restoration: the North creek floodplain  Case study 15.3 from Kenya to Costa Rica: solutions for restoring tropical forests  Case study 15.4 restoration of an endangered species: the black-footed ferret  Case study 15.5 in the eye of the hurricane: efforts to save the Puerto Rican parrot( 鸚鵡 ).

6 Ecological restoration  Aldo Leopold initiated plant community restoration at the University of Wisconsin Arboretum during the 1930s.  Leopold and his colleagues restored approximately 120ha of forest and mixed-grass prairie, primarily through manipulating ecosystem processes first, and vegetative structure second.  Today restoration ecology draws on all major disciplines and sub-disciplines of the natural sciences, including ecosystem and landscape ecology, geomorphology, hydrology, soil science, geochemistry, animal behavior, theoretical ecology, population biology, invasion biology, and evolutionary ecology.

7 Fig the trajectory of a restoration project may be viewed in terms of ecosystem structure and processes. (Bradshaw, 1984)

8 Restoration is an iterative process that includes 1.Examining preexisting, historic, and current reference conditions prior to designing the restoration plan. 2.Developing a restoration design or plan 3.Obtaining the necessary permits, where relevant to perform the work 4.Implementing the design, which can include modifications to soil, hydrology, and plant and animal communities as appropriate. 5.Monitoring of the restored site

9 Restoration  enhancement, reclamation, re-creation, rehabilitation, remediation, augmentation, and translocation.  Rehabilitate or restore plant communities, animal “ restoration ” usually is undertaken only for species that are highly endangered, typically through intensive ex situ breeding reintroduction and translocation programs.

10 Role of restoration ecology in conservation  Restoration ecology is a young and controversial ( 爭議性的 ) discipline.  Restoration ecology offers the opportunity to conduct experiments that provide insights into important basic biological questions, such as community assembly dynamics, secondary succession, fire cycles, the role of keystone species, and the nature of invasibility of ecosystems.  Insights from this type of research can be invaluable for the management of natural areas, address issues such as controlling nonnative species invasions, reintroducing keystone species such as large predators, and restoring natural disturbance regimes such as fire cycles or flooding.

11  A serious concern regarding ecological restoration is its effect on the regulation of ecosystem conversion for human purposes.  However, pro-development forces increasingly do view ecological restoration as an alternative on in situ conservation.  The ecological restoration and conservation are complementary parts of an overall ecosystem protection and management strategy.  Critically, ecological restoration should never be seen as a substitute for protection of intact ecosystems.

12 A flowchart of the decisions made in designing and carrying out an ecological restoration project. (Fig. 15.2) 1.Determine restoration goal (restore what?) 2.Identify constraints (physical, biochemical feedbacks, trophic-level interactions, species pool, landscape, environmental changes) 3.Prioritize constraints 4.Address constraints 5.Characterize changed system 6.Maintain the system

13 Steps in designing and implementing ecological restorations 1.Site assessment :背景資料、包括: pollen cores, historical accounts, survey records, and old photographs 2.Setting goals :目標取向?限制? 3.Design : multidisciplinary approach 4.Implementation :  when possible, local community members should be included in implementation.  Maintaining control groups and applying treatments to portions of the restoration site allow for adaptive management and for statistical analysis of restoration outcomes. 5.Monitoring and adaptive management  Long-term monitoring is vital to guide the adaptive management of the restored site.

14 Restoration challenges  Lack of knowledge  Scale issues in restoration  Implementation in practice

15 Lace of knowledge  Much more information is available on birds and mammals than on bacterial communities across the globe, yet the success of a project may be dependent on appropriate soil bacteria being present.  We know that animals often play key roles in structuring ecosystems. However, the majority of restoration efforts are focused on plant communities.  In many cases, a “ bottom-up ” approach may be the most effective – that is, once essential ecosystem components, such as soil structure and geochemistry, hydrological functions, and vegetative structure are restored, animal communities may assemble themselves. However, suitable habitat does not by itself guarantee the presence and viability of specific animal populations.

16 Scale issues in restoration  Restoration projects that focus on a small scale may succeed in establishing native ecological systems in the short term, but may fail in the longer term because the large ecological context required to allow these restoration efforts to be self- sustaining is either not present, too degraded, or operating at too small a scale.  When ecosystem degradation has been extremely intense or of great spatial extent, restoration can be particularly difficult to achieve (Fig. 15.7)

17

18 Implementation in practice  Many restoration projects do not use a multidisciplinary approach.  Instead, they focus more narrowly on a single taxon or a single ecosystem function.  Restorations not only make use of scientific knowledge, but add to it as well.  When resources are available to support and experimental approach and to allow long-term data collection, ecological restoration offers unique opportunities to add to our scientific knowledge while increasing ecosystem functioning.

19 Animal reintroduction  Well-justified reintroduction objectives include (IUCN) 1.Enhancing the long-term survival of a species 2.Reestablishing a keystone species 3.Providing long term economic benefits to the local and/or national economy.

20 Guidelines designed to maximize success 1.Conduct a feasibility study, including assessment of the biology of the species, availability of individuals of the same taxonomic status for reintroduction, and whether other species have taken up the ecological role of the species that has been extirpated from the wild. 2.Select and evaluate sites within the historic range of the species, ensuring that suitable habitat is available that is not subject to the same threats. 3.Identify and evaluate suitability of stock to be reintroduced, including genetic factors. 4.Evaluate social, political, and economic conditions at the reintroduction site to ensure that long-tem financial and political support will be available.

21 5.Plan a properly financed reintroduction with approval by all stakeholders, and in coordination with management agencies. Design pre- and post-release monitoring to make the reintroduction a carefully designed experiment, with the capability to test methodology, thereby allowing improvements for future releases. 6.Post-release monitoring should be done using an adaptive model, ensuring that necessary intervention can be carried out.

22 Restoration in marine environments  Marine restoration activities are widespread, particularly where restoration enhances commercially important fisheries. Reforestation projects to restore mangrove ecosystems, areas cleared for shrimp ponds and other fisheries. 人工魚礁 Still in the trial-and-error stage. 2004, December 26, 海嘯之後,如何復育?

23 Environmental regulations that drive restoration practice  The financial burden of restoration is significant, with the total cost of a typical restoration project in the US mounting to as much as US$3.00 per square foot, or over US$130,000 per acre. Such expense renders even small-scale ecosystem restoration projects problematic.

24 Regulations in the United States  Clean water act (CWA), 1972  Endangered species act (ESA), 1973  Surface mining control and reclamation act (SMCRA), 1977

25 International regulations  Many countries share common elements in their restoration-related legislation. For example, mining regulations require reclamation of degraded lands in Chang, India, and Canada  Convention on Biological diversity. Restore degraded ecosystems and threatened species, with particular emphasis on forests, inland waters, and marine ecosystems, including coral reef.

26 Concluding thoughts  1970s, to restore ecosystem were based not on good science or bad science, but on no science at all.  1980s, many restoration efforts involve simply the replanting of native nursery stock.  1990s, working in interdisciplinary teams with diverse backgrounds and objectives, restoration ecology was more “ ad hot ” or “ compromise ” ecology than a science based primarily on sound ecological principles.  2000s, experimentation and adaptive management of restoration projects. Programs that are devoted to the training of ecosystem restorationists. There is still plenty of basic science to come by to advance the field.

27  Increasingly, restoration may become a vital component of conservation practice, as we seek to improve degraded habitats.  Coupling restoration efforts to larger conservation efforts may offer many opportunities.  Because restoration is itself a long-term process, it forces us to consider how we might influence biodiversity conservation over longer time scales.  One of the greatest needs for future work in restoration as a conservation tool is to increase our capacity to learn from restoration efforts, via comparative analyses and experimental approaches.

28 Supplements II  Case study 15.1 restoring the nation ’ s wetlands: why, where, and how?  Case study 15.2 temperate riverine ecosystem restoration: the North creek floodplain  Case study 15.3 from Kenya to Costa Rica: solutions for restoring tropical forests  Case study 15.4 restoration of an endangered species: the black-footed ferret  Case study 15.5 in the eye of the hurricane: efforts to save the Puerto Rican parrot( 鸚鵡 ).

29 問題與討論 Ayo NUTN 站 _/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/ since 2006_/_/_/_/_/