Stanley Sander, Principal Investigator David Rider, Co-Investigator 31 March 2011 Panchromatic Fourier Transform Spectrometer (PanFTS) Overview On Question 16 © 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged

2 Panspectral Measurements from Geostationary Orbit  Scientific advantages of panspectral measurements of trace gases -Provides the ability to simultaneously retrieve a large number of trace gases -Panspectral measurements enable retrieval of key pollution and greenhouse gases as well as transport tracers such as CO, H 2 O, and HDO, which are critical to constrain transport characteristics and combustion sources of these gases -Combining reflected sunlight and thermal IR radiances improves the vertical resolution for most trace gases rather, especially in the troposphere where comparisons with air quality models at several altitudes are required to carry out operational forecasting  Scientific advantages of measurements from geostationary orbit -Geostationary orbit provides a continuous view of the Americas enabling measurements many times per day to capture the diurnal evolution of tropospheric chemistry and variability of biogenic fluxes and combustion emissions that place a critical constraint on quantifying the global carbon budget -Measurements repeated many times per day enables quick detection and monitoring of other highly dynamic atmospheric events due to volcanoes, fires, hurricanes, and severe weather

© 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged 3 Panspectral Measurements Improve Retrievals High spectral resolution (0.06 cm -1 ) and wide spectral sensitivity (15  m to 0.28  m) allows simultaneous observations of reflected sunlight and thermal emission (day/night) enabling retrieval of several important atmospheric composition species such as Pollutants: O 3, NO 2, NH 3, SO 2, HCHO, CH 3 OH, CO Greenhouse Gases: CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, O 3, H 2 O Transport Tracers: HDO, N 2 O, O 2, O 4 Wide spectral sensitivity and high spectral resolution enables retrieval of key atmospheric species with the vertical sensitivity needed for atmospheric models to separate surface fluxes from mixing AIRS IASI OMI IR only NIR only Combined PanFTS has the measurement capabilities of several satellite instruments combined

© 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged Geostationary Orbit Observing Scenario From geostationary orbit PanFTS can map all of North and South America hourly with high resolution measurements (temporal, spatial, and spectral) that capture rapidly evolving tropospheric chemistry with planetary boundary layer sensitivity Spectra in every pixel captures evolving tropospheric chemistry 500 km x 500 km scene is imaged onto a 128x128 pixel focal plane array which provides a 4x4 km size pixel at nadir and records spectra in every pixel for 60 seconds per scene Rapidly evolving chemistry in the boundary layer 128 pixels

© 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged 5 PanFTS Overview The Panchromatic Fourier Transform Spectrometer (PanFTS) is a NASA Earth Science Technology Program funded Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) project to develop and demonstrate a single instrument capable of meeting or exceeding GEO-CAPE atmospheric science requirements. The PanFTS flight design combines measurement capabilities for IR (e.g. TES) and UV-Vis (e.g., OMI) in a single package. PanFTS capabilities also address requirements associated with measurements of greenhouse gases and atmospheric sounding.

© 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged 6 PanFTS Breadboard  Two separate optical channels: UV-Visible: nm Infrared:1-3.5  m  Two imaging focal plane arrays Raytheon 128x128 for IR JPL-built 4x4 for UV-visible  Dynamically aligned (UV-vis channel)

© 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged 7 IR + Vis Interferometer Test Setup Optical path difference mechanism (OPDM) with dynamic alignment Infrared focal plane array IR/UV interferometer UV-vis detector

© 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged 8 PanFTS Imaging Spectroscopy Demo PanFTS breadboard IR detector (Raytheon InSb) captured an 88x88 pixel image of the lamp filament with a high resolution IR spectrum in each pixel Successful acquisition of a hyperspectral image is equivalent to a scene captured by PanFTS from geo when viewing reflected sunlight and thermal emission from Earth’s atmosphere

© 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged 9 PanFTS Breadboard Simultaneous IR and Visible NO 2 Spectra PanFTS Breadboard Simultaneous IR and Visible Measurement of NO 2 Spectra Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) mapping is one of the key GEO-CAPE science requirements

© 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged 10 PanFTS FPA Technology Advancement The Orbiting Carbon Observatory FPA signal chain is representative of current flight FPA architecture technology A PanFTS breadboard FPA has been manufactured which has a separate ADC for each pixel on-chip  JPL designed 128x128 In-Pixel Digitization FPAs –Digital output eliminates need for off-chip signal chain electronics –Unprecedented throughput (262 million pixels per second with 14 bit resolution) –All pixels are read out at the same time 14,000 times per second which eliminates problems with conventional “rolling readouts” where pixels are readout sequentially which introduces artifacts from crosstalk between pixels when adjacent pixels reset 128x128 (16,384 pixels) silicon read out array with separate digitization circuitry in each pixel The Teledyne Sidecar FPA signal chain for the James Webb Space Telescope is representative of next generation flight FPA architecture technology Each pixel has its own separate digitization circuitry

© 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged 11 JPL In-Pixel Digitization FPA Testing The JPL 128x128 ROIC is currently under going performance characterization testing

© 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged 12 Optical Path Difference Mechanism OPDM performance is being demonstrated under flight like conditions in a thermal-vacuum chamber OPDM is a flexure-based parallelogram mechanism that controls the optical path difference between the fixed and moving arms in the Michelson interferometer OPDM driving requirements: Maximum optical path difference: 10 cm (physical travel 5 cm) Maximum mirror tip/tilt error: < 1 microradian Full translation duration: 1 minute Velocity stability: better than 1% over the full range of travel Operating temperature: K Operational lifetime: 5 years (more than 2.6 million cycles) Heritage: JPL FTUVS instrument at Table Mountain Facility which has 12 years of continuous operation A NASA Tech Brief has been awarded for the PanFTS OPDM

© 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged 13 PanFTS Core Capabilities Will Be Demonstrated Over the Coming Months OPDM life test in flight-like conditions Laboratory and field demonstration of simultaneous UV-Vis-IR measurement capability Demonstration of advanced focal plane arrays with on-chip analog-to-digital converters for each pixel California Laboratory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing

© 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged 14 PanFTS Engineering Model The PanFTS EM will achieve Technology Readiness Level 6 (functional demonstration in a flight-like environment)  NASA has recently funded the development of a PanFTS EM IIP  The PanFTS EM will be built with flight like optics, optical bench, metrology and alignment system  The PanFTS EM will cover the spectral range of the flight design (0.28 µm to 15 µm)  The PanFTS EM performance will be demonstrated in a thermal-vacuum chamber under flight-like conditions

© 2010 California Institute of Technology – Government Sponsorship Acknowledged 15 Summary The PanFTS design will demonstrate a single instrument capable of meeting or exceeding GEO-CAPE atmospheric science requirements as well as address requirements for measurements of greenhouse gases and atmospheric sounding The PanFTS instrument concept has matured significantly over the past two years Simultanous IR and Vis measurements of NO 2 demonstrated basic functionality Hybridized Vis FPAs with an ADC per pixel for high throughput imaging spectroscopy Optical Path Difference Mechanism performance testing in flight-like conditions In spring of 2011 the PanFTS breadboard will be installed at the California Laboratory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing (CLARS) on Mt. Wilson, CA, to demonstrate the capability for making GEO-CAPE like measurements over the Los Angeles basin A PanFTS EM will be developed over the next three years and ultimately demonstrate functional performance in a flight-like environment (TRL 6) PanFTS is a new instrument concept for remote sensing from geostationary orbit of air pollution, greenhouse gases, and weather sounding