Europe Discovers the New World The chapter covers European discovery and exploration of the New World and the impact of Europeans on the Native American population.

The Age of Discovery The first European in North America - Viking Leif Ericson (1000 A.D.) Originated Greenland Settled in Newfoundland, Canada (returned to Greenland years later) Age of Discovery (AOD)– period when European nations began looking for their own direct route to the Far East. Prior to the AOD, Europeans believed the world consisted of only 3 continents - Europe, Asia, & Africa

Far East – A region of SE Asia (India, China, & Japan). AKA – Indies. Source of highly prized goods including (silk, spices, teas, & gems. The only accessible route, prior to AOD, was through Muslim controlled land & sea routes

Leaders of Exploration Portugal is the outright leader in Exploration. At this time they have already explored the western coast of Africa. Geographers – the world is round ? – Would it be possible to find a shorter route to the east by sailing west? Answer – YES! – Christopher Columbus

Columbus Discovers the New World Columbus – Italian Born Explorer Believed only an ocean separated Europe from the Indies. Sought support to prove his answer from King John of Portugal – turned down (preferred an eastern route) Spoke with King Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain – approved – financed exploration . Oct. 12, 1492 – after 6 weeks at sea the crews landed on what they thought were part of the Indies. Because of the dark skin of the natives Columbus called them “Indians”

Columbus’ concept of the New World

Where was he really? Columbus landed on a Caribbean Island in the Bahamas Archipelago – Named his discovery San Salvador Never found silk, spices, or riches Believed he had discovered the western route to the Indies Prior to his death, Columbus made four trips to the west believing each time he had reached the Far East. Cuba

One special guest An Italian businessman, explorer and cartographer was the first person to demonstrate that the New World discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 was not the eastern appendage of Asia, but rather a previously-unknown "fourth" continent . Several theories exist about the naming – 1507, Swiss mapmaker applied a different name to the New World – calling it America after Amerigo Vespucci. Soon other Explorers discovered that “America was not just one continent but 2.

Spanish Claims in the New World Portugal was considered to have the best exploration crews in the world – so it upset them when they heard of Columbus’ success in one attempt. Fearing the start of a rivalry, Pope Alexander VI (head of the Catholic Church) issued a decree (document) dividing the rights to the New World between Spain and Portugal. Decree – 400 miles west of the Azores (islands) an imaginary line would be drawn North and South of the Poles – Line of Demarcation.

Line of Demarcation All lands to the east of this line would be claimed by Portugal All lands to the west of this line would be claimed by Spain What country is this?

Discussion on the Line Portugal believed the line favored Spain and tried to negotiate a new line The next year (1494) the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed which shifted the line 700 miles further west. Results – protected Portugal’s shipping interest around Africa but still left most of the New World to Spain. One territory would be left to the Possession of Portugal

English Claims in the New World Line of Demarcation exist between Spain and Portugal but what about other European nations. France and England refused to accept the division and prepared to make their own exploration. In 1497, John Cabot sailed from England to the NE coast of North America In 1498, Cabot made a 2nd exploration possibly sailing as far south as the Carolinas, Georgia or even Northern Florida.

Discovery Frustrations England claims the Eastern seaboard – claiming that Cabot’s voyage gave them the rights to it. Because England was not a Catholic nation they rejected the decree from the Pope that North America belonged to Spain Also refused to accept the Treaty of Tordesillas.

The Right of First Discovery Spain’s reply to England’s claims – the Right of First Discovery (a country could claim those lands its explorers found first. ? – How much land could an explorer claim? ? – How long could they claim it for? England proposes a 2nd standard – any first discovery claims had to be followed by actual occupation It wasn’t enough to plant a flag Settlers and Soldiers from the explorers country must follow and colonize (occupy & control) the land. What about the Native Americans? Europeans agreed New World claims did not require Native American permission

Spain Comes to the Southeast In the New World, Spain hoped to convert the Natives, Expand its Empire, and discover new riches (GOD, GLORY, and GOLD). At first, the Spanish concentrated in the West Indies, Central America, and Northern South America. But soon stories of cities of gold to the north – influenced them to travel.

Ponce de Leon 1st Spanish explorer to set foot on the soil of what is today the U.S. was Juan Ponce de Leon. He was searching for riches, adventure, and the legendary fountain of youth – located somewhere north of Cuba. April 1573, Ponce de Leon came ashore to what he thought was an island, he really landed on the Florida coast (near present day St. Augustine) He named his “island” Isla Florida (Island of Flowers) 8 years later Ponce returned to the western coast of Florida where he and his crew were attacked – Ponce would die from his injuries. Spain wanted to see their La Florida succeed so they sent other explorers. The Settlement included what is today Florida, GA, SC, AL, & MS.

First European Settlement in North America Many historians believed the 1st European settlement since the Vikings occurred along the coast of Georgia. Believed it happened 14 years before DeSoto’s expedition through Georgia in 1540.

Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon 1504 a Spanish lawyer, Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon was appointed a judgeship on the Caribbean Island of Hispaniola. Owner of a Sugar Cane Plantation Worked by Indian Slaves Slaves died from Disease and other reasons Ayllon began searching for new slaves On one expedition landed on present day SC – asked for permission to explore and colonize La Florida

San Miguel de Gualdape September 29, 1526 Ayllon’s colonist sailed to present day McIntosh County, GA unloaded and began constructing a new Settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape (doomed colony) Winter came early Ayllon died 10 days after arriving Illness and death followed for the others Revolt broke out because of fear African slaves rebelled Indians rose up against the colonist Settlement abandoned and only 150 returned to Hispaniola.

Columbian Exchange Taken to the New World Brought Back to Spain Wheat Oranges Sugar Cane Chickens Horses Cows Pigs Brought Back to Spain Corn Potatoes Tomatoes Pineapple Tobacco

Hernando de Soto Explores Georgia 1537 – asked King of Spain for permission to colonize La Florida Given 16 months to explore, 600 miles inland from the FL coast Look for riches and conquer hostile Indians In return he would be given a title, land, and a portion of the colony’s profits. 1538 – sailed from Spain to Cuba Spent a year preparing for the expedition 1539 – sailed to North American mainland, landing on FL western coast Spent winter near Tallahassee then headed north into GA March 1540 – entered GA Encountered chiefdoms from the Mississippian Period

Death and Disappointment Became a journey of death and disappointment Food was a problem Stole from Indians Had to eat dogs Four year search yielded practically no gold or silver Almost ½ of the expedition died from disease, exposure, Indian attacks or other causes.

De Soto’s Impact on the Indians Never seen guns, steel, metal armor or horses They had weapons of stone & wood Were unsuccessful at defending themselves Many were killed or forced into slavery Exposed to European disease such as measles, chicken pox, or small pox (killed 1:3 Indians)

French Claims in the Southeast France is the 3rd European Nation to enter the race for North America. In 1524, Giovanni de Verrazano sailed for France Believed he could sail westward from Europe to Asia. First came ashore on the Carolina coast, or possibly even as far south as GA or FL. He then sailed north up the east coast to Nova Scotia before returning home. France later used Verrazano’s exploration as a basis for its claims to the southeast.

Huguenots Huguenots are French Protestants lead by Jean Ribault (Jahn Re-bow). In 1562, landed on Florida’s coast and sailed northward looking for a place to settle. They found their spot just north of Savannah on a protected inlet they named Port Royal Constructed the first European on the North American mainland – Charles Fort Because of famine and other hardships the Huguenots were forced to abandon the settlement

France v. Spain 1564, a second group of Huguenots arrived in Spanish Florida. At the mouth of the St. Johns River they built Fort Caroline. Catholic Spain was OUTRAGED! The French were not only building on Spanish soil but they were raiding Spanish ships. Spain moved quickly to push the French Huguenots out. 1565, Pedro Menendez and a large force of soldier sailed from Spain to quickly drive out the French and begin to colonize La Florida. Menendez made a surprise attack on Fort Carolina captured the French fort and executed the Huguenot defenders.

Spanish Settlements in La Florida Menendez founded St. Augustine - Spain’s first successful settlement on the North American continent Important military and political base in La Florida Protect Spanish treasure ships using the Gulf Stream to speed their return home.

Spanish Missions in La Florida Since Spain was a Catholic nation it was their duty as good Catholics to help convert the Indians into loyal Christian subjects. To do this Spain built missions (church outposts) along the Atlantic and gulf coast. Church missionaries, known as friars, lived and worked with the Indians at these outposts. Missions, not forts, were the key to Spain’s plan to prepare the SE for colonization. The missions were built at the village of an important local chief Instructed on religion, social behavior, read/write, farming techniques, and provided a place to trade. Georgia’s coast was divided into two Spanish provinces Guale (Wal-lee) – located in the North Mocama – located in the South

Guale and Mocama Guale consisted of the coastal area between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers Mocama included the area between the Altamaha and St. Marys river.

Juanillo Rebellion In 1597, Don Juanillo, a Guale Indian was next in line to become chief. Juanillo had two wives a practice that the Spanish missionaries tried in vain to change. One of the friars declared Juanillo unfit to become chief and named another tribal member the next leader. Juanillo was furious. What right did the Spanish friars have the power to say who should be chief? In reaction, Juanillo killed the friar and who denied him his chiefdom. Juanillo then called for the other chiefs in Guale to revolt against the Spanish missionaries. The friars with no weapons were killed one by one. Finally, on Cumberland Island, Mocama Indians (supporters of the Spanish) turned back the uprising. The Juanillo Rebellion was over but not before 5 missionaries were executed. Recent archaeological digs on St. Catherine’s Island have revealed the remains of over 400 Native Americans. Religious artifacts buried with the bodies suggests Catholic influence on these coastal Indians.

England Comes to North America England wanted a share of the wealth & power of the New World, so English sea captains began raiding Spanish ships & settlements. In 1586, Sir Frances Drake attacked & burned St. Augustine. Conflict continued for almost 20 years & finally reached a peace treaty in 1604.

England Comes to North America cont. King James I prepared a plan to establish colonies. (colonies are territories on foreign soil that are claimed, settled, & controlled by another country.) In 1606, King James issued a charter ( a legal document signed by the king) to some merchants for a new colony in America. Those merchants were known as the Virginia Company

England Comes to North America cont. In 1607, 3 ships sailed from England with Virginia’s first settlers. Jamestown became England’s first permanent settlement named in honor of King James. Within 100 years, England colonized most of the eastern coast of North America.

England Comes to North America cont. England wanted power, glory & economic gain in the New World Mercantilism, a trade policy designed to make a nation as self-sufficient and wealthy as possible. North America held great promise as a new source of food crops, tobacco, and raw materials.

England Comes to North America cont. The new colonies could serve as home for religious groups seeking to practice their faith without discrimination. Puritans spoke out against the Church of England because of many of its beliefs and practices. In 1620, colonists known as Pilgrims arrived from England on the Mayflower. Pilgrim leaders signed the Mayflower Compact which meant they would be governed by fair and just laws that promoted the general good.

Types of Colonies Corporate Colony was a grant of land issued by the king to a corporation to settle a new colony. Joint-stock company assumed all costs for settling a colony through the sale of stock to investors in England. Proprietary colony was a colony where the king issued a charter granting ownership of the colony to a person or group. Royal colony was a colony operated directly by the English government through a royal governor appointed by the king.

England Creates Carolina In 1663, England issued a charter for the 6th American colony named Carolina. Charles town (Charleston) became a base for English efforts to gain control of Guale & Mocama. In 1673, Louis Joliet and Father Marquette, a Jesuit priest, journey westward from the Great Lakes in search of a great river they had heard about. In, 1682, La Salle followed the river all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle named the vast Mississippi Valley region Louisana.

New Colony South of the Savannah River Sir Robert Montgomery proposed in 1717 to settle the land between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers. He named it Azilia and it’s main purpose was to be a buffer to protect South Carolina from Spanish, French, & Indian attacks. He was unable to raise the money or enlist colonist, so the plans were postponed.

New Colony South of the Savannah River cont. John Barnwell called on Britain to build a series of small forts to the south and west of Carolina’s frontier. Construction began in 1721 on Fort King George near the mouth of the Altamaha, but Spain protested. Sickness, climate & biting insects made for an unhappy garrison and the post was abandoned. In 1724, Jean Pierre Purry, made a proposal. His proposal failed, but his idea for naming the new colony survived. He suggested two names: 1. Georgine 2. Georgia By 1732, James Oglethorpe convinced King George II to approve an English colony south of the Savannah River.