Indian Removal.

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Presentation transcript:

Indian Removal

Before the DST: two strategies in response to American expansion nativists vs. accommodationists neither approach could guarantee a place in American society

shift in American policy from civilization to removal New kind of treaty: exchange of land rather than cession of land division within Native American nations: Opponents of removal Those who saw relocation as inevitable

Acculturation By 1815 many NA in the southeast were raising cattle and pigs and planting crops. Most as individual families Some had African slaves A planter elite of mixed ancestry developed. Christian missionaries operated schools.

The signs of ‘civilization’ Farming: corn, cotton, and livestock Infrastructure: roads, bridges, ferries Government: National Council, written laws, police force, law courts Change in values: Private property Paternal authority

Sequoyah’s syllabary (1821) ‘talking leaves’

Cherokee Phoenix (1828- present) Library of Congress / Cherokee Phoenix

University of Georgia

5 new states in the Mississippi Valley: Indiana (1816), Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819), Missouri (1821)

Andrew Jackson 1824 portrait by Thomas Sully. Source: U.S. Senate

Indian Removal Act (1830) NA that cede land east of Mississippi will receive land west of Mississippi ‘forever’ U.S. will pay NA for improvements they made to the land (houses, farms, etc.) U.S. will pay for cost of relocation plus first year in new location U.S. agents will protect Indians in their new homes

Elias Boudinot and John Ross Oklahoma Historical Society Library of Congress

The Treaty Party (Boudinot) traveled west in 1837 to join the ‘Old Settlers’ already living north of the Arkansas River The National Party (Ross) was forced to move by the U.S. army in 1838

Trail of Tears North Carolina Digital History

Nunna dual Tsuny – The trail where they cried 1942 painting by Robert Lindneux PBS.org (The Granger Collection).

Continued tensions Old Settlers, National Party, Treaty Party Boudinot and two other leaders of Treaty Party were killed for “treason” in 1839 The 3 factions made peace in 1846

‘Indian Territory’