Chapter 1 Overview of Video Production Be sure you are in Practicum TURN OFF AND PUT AWAY ALL ELECTRONIC DEVICES UNLESS YOU HAVE A SIGNED APPROVAL FORM AND ARE USING THE DEVICE ONLY FOR INVOLVEMENT WITH THIS CLASS 1

What IS video production? 2

3 The book says ‘mostly concerned with non-broadcast program making’The book says ‘mostly concerned with non-broadcast program making’

What IS video production? 4 Mostly concerned with non-broadcast program makingMostly concerned with non-broadcast program making Generally distributed via DVDs, online, or mobile phonesGenerally distributed via DVDs, online, or mobile phones

What IS video production? 5 Mostly concerned with non-broadcast program makingMostly concerned with non-broadcast program making Generally distributed via DVDs, online, or mobile phonesGenerally distributed via DVDs, online, or mobile phones Can be made with equipment ranging from the most sophisticated professional broadcast standards to low- cost consumer itemsCan be made with equipment ranging from the most sophisticated professional broadcast standards to low- cost consumer items

 YouTube is a collection of both high-budget and low- budget video productions that millions of viewers watch online. Note that the video shown has been seen by more than 3 million viewers 6

 Today’s high-quality consumer equipment allows professional results – if you understand how use it effectively  ‘prosumer camera’  ‘prosumer gear’ 7

 Know how to handle the equipment properly and the effects of various controls 8 Develop the skills underlying good camerawork and sound productionDevelop the skills underlying good camerawork and sound production Convey ideas convincingly and use the medium persuasivelyConvey ideas convincingly and use the medium persuasively Organize systematically: Apply practical planning, preparation, and productionOrganize systematically: Apply practical planning, preparation, and production

 Mobile phones (‘smart phones’), tablet computers, and computers are changing the way the audience watches television.  Social media and apps are changing how people use and share information  What’s next? -- ‘streams everywhere’? --connected device? -- ubiquitous wireless? 9

 Video productions can be shown on many different media  + Cameras that now have built-in projectors  + Cameras that save files ‘in the cloud’ 10

 Shooting circumstances will determine some of the camera mounts. In this situation, the production is being shot from a dolly. Is this a single camera or multi-camera production? 11

 The flexibility of video equipment allows you to arrange it in many different ways from acquisition (the camera) to homes (the television)  Modern equipment continues to eliminate position needs 12

But remember this: 13 There is ONE fundamental purpose for video equipment:

But remember this: 14 There is ONE fundamental purpose for video equipment: To enable users to communicate their ideas to an audience

What is involved in communication? 15 Sender -- receiver -- channel -- meaning -- feedback Meaning: action, emotion, intent, character, organization Visual communication: line, depth, color, shape, size, meaning, connotation and denotation, sequencing of ideas, fundamentals of language Ideological battles: high culture vs. popular culture, profits versus art, power and manipulation

Effective Visual Storytelling? 16 Critique this production: Promotional Video Promotional VideoPromotional Video Critique this production: Multicam field Multicam fieldMulticam field Critique this production: Multicam Studio Multicam StudioMulticam Studio Critique this production: Game Show Game ShowGame Show

Starting to plan Demonstration done as an infommercial Interview that you script and direct Learning each TV studio crew position and ability to direct Learning camera, lights, CG, switcher, audio, server and prompter in the TV studio Incorporate basics of shooting & editing Read Chapter 1

RTV 332 Multi-camera Production

Multi Camera Basics Theory

If we shoot Missions Fest

Plenary Sessions

Interviews

Worship and Music

Course Basics Element 1 THEORY Element 2 HANDS- ON Overview / Review Picture composition and terminology Technical Aspects Picture and signal assessment Switcher basics and operation Production Aspects Directing 101 Production Issues Then… Hands-on operation with personnel rotation through various equipment stations while doing three types of productions

Picture Composition Action Safe and Title Safe Areas Field or angle of view Content identification Framing

Action Safe & Title Safe Areas

Field or Angle of View Identification E.L.S. Extreme long shot Establishing shot L.S. or W.S. Long or wide shot Area of action

Field or Angle of View Identification M.L.S. Medium long shot Head to mid leg M.S. Medium shot Head to waist shot

Field or Angle of View Identification M.C.U. Medium Close-up Head and shoulders Close-up E.C.U. Extreme Close-up

Content Identification 1 Shot 2 Shot 3 Shot

Framing Good framing is the responsibility of the camera person Rule of thirds Headroom Vertical framing Horizontal framing Frame cutting points Position of subjects and objects

Headroom Defined as the amount of picture between to the top of the subject’s head and the top of frame Subject’s eyes placed at approx 1/2 to 2/3 up from bottom

Vertical Framing Avoid too much or too little headroom Place eyes at 1/2 to 2/3 up from bottom

Horizontal Framing Place people in the frame with adequate looking room Place objects in slightly off vertical or horizontal axis

Frame Cutting Points Frame people at intermediate points between joints Avoid framing at the natural joints Correct Incorrect

Positioning of Subjects and Objects Avoid straight line arrangements Place objects in a triangular grouping Place subject in a setting where there are objects in the foreground, middle ground and background

Technical Aspects What are some of them? Is the picture quality good and matched? Is the audio quality clear and at a good level? Is the lighting even, sufficient and color balanced? Does camera placement work with the set design and action? Ultimately, there are trade offs in many areas.

Can you believe what you are seeing? Check and adjust all monitors with good video signal -e.g. color bars (from switcher or camera) Output picture monitor should be the guide

Matching Cameras Camera video levels should match 1. White levels 2. Black levels 3. Color balance 4. Chroma levels

Tools: Waveform monitor Waveform monitor displays luminance levels

Faces properly exposed fall between 50 and 80 units Tools: Waveform monitor

Tools: Vectorscope Vectorscope displays chroma phase and intensity

Tools: Vectorscope

Tools: Proc Amp (processing amplifier) 1st: Color balance camera and set iris and gain 2nd: Use Proc Amp

Tools: Switcher wipe Check picture color balance,levels and timing with a switcher wipe between sources.

Video Switchers

Switcher Routes signals to aux, preview & output busses Switching multiple input sources on busses: -cameras, VTRs, computer graphics, etc Transitions: -cuts, dissolves, fades, wipes, DVEs -digital video effects Keying: luminance key, linear key, and chroma key,

Video Flow Chart

VT4 Video Switcher

VT4 Components Switcher Input Busses Key Bus  Main Bus  Preview Bus 

VT4 Components Background transition and key control Down Stream Keyer (DSK) BG Fader Bar Auto Transition Effects for BG

Cut/Key source: the white image Fill source: image that fills the cut source shape Key source Fill source Composite Luminance Key

Linear Key Alpha channel is one way to make graphics with variations of transparency The alpha channel specifies how the pixel's colors should be merged with another pixel when the two are overlaid, one on top of the other. CG graphic with alpha channel Composite

Chroma Key Green background image has been cut and replaced. Blue or green usually chosen as BG color Why not other colors? Key source Fill source Composite

Production Aspects Directing 101 Production: general concerns Production meetings Pre-production Roles and responsibilities Showtime

Directing 101 Choice of Camera Cameras placed left to right: Cam 1, Cam 2, Cam 3 Cameras truck, dolly, pedestal, zoom to get alternate shots

Directing 101 Choice of Objective or Subjective Camera Cam 1 Partially subjective shot Cam 1 Subjective shot Cam 2 Objective shots

Directing 101 Choice of Field (Angle) of View Cam 1 Over the shoulder (OTS) Cam 1 Close-up (CU) Cam 1 Extreme close-up (ECU) -very dramatic Cam 2 - establishing shot -2 shot -profile shot

Sample Interview at Missions Fest

Directing 101 When and when not to cut Cut on action. During, not before or after. Don’t cut from a moving image a stationary one. Moving to moving OK. Don’t over cut. Cut on motivation Don’t cut to identical shots Don’t cut to mismatched shots Don’t cut across the axis of action

Directing 101 Mismatched Shots Cutting from Cam 1 to Cam 3 causes subject B to jump to the opposite side of the screen. Insert Cam 2 shot in between Cam 1 and Cam 3

Directing 101 Mismatched Shots

Directing 101 Axis of Action An imaginary line of action or line of conversation

Directing 101 Axis of Action & Placement of Cameras Cameras to be placed on one side of the line to avoid reversed shots As direction of action reverses, viewers become disoriented and confused

Directing 101 Choice of Transition Take or cut: Used when action is continuous in time and place. Cuts must be motivated. For music, cuts must be determined by the pace of music. D issolve or mix: Used for a minor discontinuity in time or place. Used to smoothly join different actions. Fade up or down to black: Indicates a major discontinuity in time or place. Indicates a start or end in segment or program. DVE - Digital Video Effect: Used for special effects: “page turns” to and from graphics. Not for use with people. Too often over used.

Directing 101 Director Cues for Camera and Switcher “ Ready to fade in from black on GFX…….Up” “Ready camera 1……..Take 1” “Ready camera 2………2” “Standby to key name………take key” “Ready to loose key………….loose key” “Standby on DVD………….roll DVD, mix” “Standby for PowerPoint……..go PowerPoint” “Ready black…………………...black”

This seminar discusses coverage of live events Basically we follow the bouncing ball. Take cues from presenters TV is best when it brings subjects close TV production is a whole team effort Work within your limitations –equipment, experience and staffing KISS Choose shots based on motivation Support action with other media when available Production Aspects General Concerns

Production Meetings Create a Lineup: Order of Service Announcements: script, graphics, and name keys as required Worship: lyrics for PowerPoint or Easy Worship, vocals, instrumentals, interludes, note solos, name keys Sermon: topic title, name keys, script, supporting material (PowerPoint, video)

Pre-production Graphic requirements - style and type -title keys, announcement graphics, name keys, visuals. Supporting media (video, boards,etc) Mark line-up and scripts

Showtime

Camera Person’s Role Correctly frames subjects Follows the action: pans, tilts, trucks, pedestals, dollys, zooms Listens to cues for director or AD Provides hand cues to on-stage performers Shops for good shots when not live Talks on intercom only as needed

Switcher’s Role Cuts the visual portion of the program Fades up from and down to black at start and end of program Uses transitions as requested by director Uses keys and supers as requested Helps director if his/her attention is called away Notes technical problems: video, sound, lighting levels and quality

Assistant Director’s Role Pre-production (assembles gfx, video, music, etc. as required) Times to the start and end of program Alerts director about up coming events in lineup Times segments and inserts in the show

Director’s Role Must know all the workings of the facilities Controls and cues all aspects of production and remains calm and efficient Encourages crew to do a good job Knows the material. Not completely focused on looking at the script Gives orders clearly and confidently Is prepared for emergencies

Director’s Role Watches program on the output monitor objectively Calls the events that go to air Sets up future camera shots and watches for good shots Follows script and checks time left in show Listens to program sound: balance of dialogue, level of music and overall sound Cues entire crew by intercom.

Multi Camera Basics Hands On

Multi Camera Basics Class 2 Hands On Pick area of interest: 3 camera positions (2 fixed cameras, 1 roving camera) 1 audio person, 1 switcher, 1 assistant director, 1 director Production meeting - write lineup, set start time Become comfortable with the equipment Produce the 5 minute show Quick feedback session Rotate positions and repeat the sequence two additional times. Each session allotted 15 minutes.

Multi Camera Basics Class 2 Hands On 1. Seated interview with participants addressing each other and audience 2. Introduction with presenter at lectern or mic 3. Introduction with presenter roaming during presentation Each session allotted 15 minutes Multi Camera Basics Class 2 Hands On

Intercom Belt Pack Microphone on/off switch Headset volume control Signal lamp Button for signaling Microphone on/off switch Headset volume control Signal lamp Button for signaling

Closed Headset Soft ear-cups with good noise attenuation The 270º rotation of the microphone boom to be worn on either left or right side.

Open Headsets Light weight One ear free to listen to ambient sound The 270º rotation of the microphone boom allows unit to be worn on either left or right side.

Intercom Etiquette Key the mic only when needing to talk Be concise Be polite as possible and try not use inappropriate language