Rosids: Fabids Spring 2013

Fig. 8.1

Rosids – Major Points Comprise about 25% of all angiosperms Includes two main clades: fabids and malvids Main support for monophyly from molecular data No clear morphological synapomorphies, but tendencies to have perianths with unfused parts and a stamen merosity > calyx or corolla, although there are many exceptions Extreme variation in habit (trees, shrubs, herbs, vines, etc.) as well as extensive proliferation of floral syndromes, including wind, insect, bird, and bat pollination Transition from apocarpy to syncarpy as seen before; fusion and embellishment of floral parts

Fig. 8.30

Core Eudicots: The Rosids Fabids: Order Malpighiales Order Fabales Order Rosales Order Cucurbitales Order Fagales Malvids: Order Brassicales Order Malvales Order Sapindales

Core Eudicots: The Rosids - Fabids Order Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae* – Spurges Salicaceae* – Willows and poplars Violaceae – Violets Order Fabales Fabaceae* – Beans Order Rosales Rosaceae* – Roses Moraceae – Figs, mulberries Ulmaceae – Elms Order Cucurbitales Curcurbitaceae* – Cucumbers, squashes Begoniaceae – Begonias Order Fagales Betulaceae – Birches Fagaceae* – Oaks, beeches, chestnuts Juglandaceae – Walnuts, hickories *Family required for recognition

Rosids-Fabids: Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae (The Spurge Family) Widespread, but most diverse in tropical regions Trees, shrubs, herbs, or vines, sometimes succulent; leaves usually alternate Diversity: ca. 6,300 species in 218-245 genera Flowers: Unisexual; sepals 2-6; petals 0-5; carpels usually 3, ovule 1 per locule; styles usually 3 and sometimes divided; inflorescences often highly modified; fruit a schizocarp, seeds usually arillate Significant features: Often with latex/laticifers (toxic) Special uses: rubber (Hevea), cassava/manioc (Manihot), poinsettia (Euphorbia), ornamentals Required family; required genus: Euphorbia

Unisexual flowers in Euphorbiaceae male female

Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia Ca. 2,400 species White latex (usually) One female and few to many male flowers aggregated into a cyathium (one type of false flower or pseudanthium) Cyathium subtended by modified leaves (cyathophylls)

Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia cyathium From the Euphorbia PBI website

Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia Digital Flowers

castor bean ~ poisonous seeds Euphorbiaceae Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) castor bean ~ poisonous seeds

Euphorbiaceae Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)

Euphorbiaceae Tapioca, Cassava (Manihot) Manihot esculenta cassava, tapioca

Euphorbiaceae Tung oil (Aleurites) Aleurites fordii tung-oil tree

Rosids-Fabids: Malpighiales: Salicaceae (The Willow or Poplar Family) Widespread, from tropical to north temperate and boreal regions Trees or shrubs Diversity: 1,200 species in 54-55 genera Flowers: bisexual or unisexual; sepals 3-8; petals 3-8; stamens 2-∞; carpels 2-4, connate, in superior ovary; fruit variable Significant features: leaves simple, often with salicoid teeth; salicin in most; includes what was formerly called the “Flacourtiaceae” Special uses: lumber, shade trees, ornamentals Required family

Salicaceae: Salix -bud scale single -catkins usually erect or ascending -flowers unisexual -each flower with 1-4 basal nectar glands -stamens 1-12 -mainly insect pollination

Salicaceae: Populus -bud scales several, overlapping -catkins arching or drooping -flowers unisexual -each flower with a basal cup-like disk -stamens 8-numerous -wind-pollination

Rosids-Fabids: Malpighiales: Violaceae (The Violet Family) Widespread, but predominantly herbs of temperate regions Herbs, shrubs, or trees Diversity: 700-800 species in 23-24 genera Flowers: Sepals 5; petals 5; 5 connivent stamens; carpels usually 3, connate, superior ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule Significant features: Zygomorphy, nectar spurs; floral cleistogamy Special uses: Violets grown primarily as ornamentals Family not required

Violaceae: zygomorphic flowers connivent stamens nectar spur

Violaceae: dual breeding systems -spring flowers open-pollinated, summer flowers remaining closed (cleistogamous)

Rosids-Fabids: Fabales: Fabaceae (The Legume Family) Nearly cosmopolitan Herbs, vines, trees, shrubs with usually alternate, stipulate, pinnately to palmately compound leaves (sometimes unifoliolate or simple) Diversity: 19,500 species, 720-730 genera – THIRD LARGEST FAMILY of angiosperms Flowers: a short, cup-like hypanthium present; sepals & petals usually 5, free or connate; petals all alike or the uppermost 1 differentiated (banner), the lower 2 forming a keel or flaring apart; stamens 5 or 10-many, if connate then monadelphous or diadelphous; carpel 1, on a short stalk (gynophore); fruit is a legume (Duh!) but sometimes modified Significant features: High nitrogen metabolism w/ unusual amino acids, often with root nodules with N-fixing bacteria; leaf and leaflet pulvinuses well developed; endosperm often lacking; wide range of floral diversity Special uses: Many!! Beans, peas, peanuts, soybean, clover, ornamentals (Mimosa, Bauhinia); lumber, dyes, resins Required family; required taxa: Mimosoideae, “Caesalpinioideae”, Faboideae

Fabaceae vegetative characters root nodules pulvinus compound leaves

Fabaceae floral characters Diadelphous stamens: 9 + 1 Perigynous flower, short hypanthium gynophore Marginal (parietal) placentation

Fabaceae fruit and seed characters non-endospermous seeds at maturity legumes, loments, etc.

Mimosoideae “Caesalpinioideae” Faboideae Leaves pinnately Leaves usually twice pinnately compound Fls actinomorphic, petals valvate, distinct or basally fused Stamens 10-many, “Caesalpinioideae” Leaves usually once pinnately or twice pinnately compound Fls + weakly zygomorphic, upper petal usually innermost; petals distinct Stamens 5 or 10, distinct Faboideae Leaves pinnately compound to trifoliolate Fls zygomorphic, upper petal (banner) outermost; well defined wings and keel Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous

Fabaceae – Subfamily Mimosoideae Albizia julibrissin Acacia sp.

Fabaceae: Mimosoideae Actinomorphic tubular flowers in heads many stamens, not fused Albizia julibrissin mimosa, silktree

Fabaceae: Mimosoideae: Mimosa

Bullhorn acacias: “My enemy’s enemy is my friend.” stipular spines extrafloral nectaries Tropical dry forest elaiosomes

Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae” zygomorphic flower pulvinus Stamens not fused -10 or fewer Senna obtusifolia sicklepod

Fabaceae – Subfamily “Caesalpinioideae”

Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae” Cercis canadensis - redbud

Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae” Honey locust (Gleditsia)

Fabaceae: Faboideae Lathyrus sweet-pea Digital Flowers

Fabaceae: Faboideae Petals unequal: banner wings keel monadelphous stamens Crotalaria spectabilis showy rattlebox bacterial root nodule

Fabaceae – Subfamily Faboideae

Fabaceae: Faboideae Glycine (Soybean)

Beans, peas, lentils, chickpeas, etc. extraordinary economic importance

Fabaceae: Faboideae Trifolium (Clover) Medicago (sweet clover)

Rosids-Fabids: Rosales: Rosaceae (The Rose Family) Cosmopolitan, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere Herbs, shrubs or trees (75% woody plants) Diversity: 2,500-3,000 species in 85-90 genera Flowers: Showy, actinomorphic, hypanthium present; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens usually numerous; carpels 1 to many, apocarpous or syncarpous; ovary superior or inferior; fruit can be a follicle, achene, pome, drupe, or associated with expanded receptacle Significant features: Wide range of fruit evolution within family; leaves alternate, stipules present Special uses: Fruits (apples, pears, berries), ornamental herbs, trees, and shrubs; lumber, perfumery Required family

Rosaceae: Rosa

Rosaceae: Rubus

Rosaceae: Prunus

Rosaceae: Malus and Pyrus

Rosids-Fabids: Rosales: Moraceae (The Fig Family) Widespread, from tropical to temperate regions Trees, shrubs, or vines (sometimes herbs) Diversity: 1,500 species in 53 genera Flowers: Unisexual, inconspicuous; tepals 0-4 or 5 (-8); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary; inflorescences cymose, highly modified, compact, receptacle expanded; fruit is a drupe, often in a multiple fruit structure (syconium). Significant features: laticifers/latex throughout the plant Special uses: figs (Ficus), mulberries (Morus), breadfruit (Artocarpus), ornamentals, e.g. osage orange (Maclura) Family not required

Moraceae Dorstenia Ficus carica – Cultivated Fig Artocarpus (breadfruit) Maclura pomifera Osage orange Morus rubra - Mulberry

Moraceae: Ficus -shrubs or trees -about 800 species worldwide -flowers minute, borne inside the syconium -wasp-pollinated -possible keystone species in tropical forests

Moraceae – The Fig and The Fig Wasp

Rosids-Fabids: Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae (The Cucumber or Squash Family) Widespread in the tropics and subtropics, a few in temperate regions Herbaceous or soft woody vines with scabrous stems and palmately veined/lobed leaves and usually with tendrils Diversity: 900 species in 118-122 genera Flowers: hypanthium present; sepals & petals 5, usually connate; stamens 3-5; carpels usually 3; ovary half-inferior or inferior; fruit usually a berry (with hardened rind a pepo); seeds flattened, the seed coat with several layers Significant features: wide range of floral diversity, “toothed” leaves lacking stipules; female flowers epiperigynous Special uses: cucumbers (Cucumis), pumpkins, gourds, and squashes (Cucurbita), watermelons (Citrullus) etc. are eaten for fruits and seeds; Luffa, some ornamentals Required family

Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita gourds, squashes, pumpkin

Rosids-Fabids: Fagales: Fagaceae (The Oak and Beech Family) Widespread, in tropical to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere Trees and shrubs Diversity: 670-970 species in 7 genera Flowers: Unisexual (monoecious); tepals usually 6 and reduced, inconspicuous; stamens 4-many; carpels 3 (-12), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a nut, associated with a spiny or scaly cupule Significant features: Male inflorescences in dangling catkins; female inflorescences in sessile clusters Special uses: edible nuts (chestnuts), lumber, tannin, cork; ornamental trees Required family