Ancient Greece SOL: WHI 5

What we will try to answer… How did the mountains, seas, islands, harbors, peninsulas, and straits of the Aegean Basin shape Greek economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization?

Geography Rugged peninsula Surrounded by Aegean Sea Mountainous No Navigable rivers Narrow valleys Lots of Inlets and Bays

(Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Black Sea) used as water ways to unite the people linked Greeks to other societies sea trade was essential

Land 3/4ths mountains (Mt Olympus-tallest, home of the gods) Difficult to unite all of Greece because of multiple valley communities only small streams, not suitable for irrigation No large population Main crops-grains, grapes, olives—simple diet

Climate Moderate temps Only rains in winter

Important key concepts so far.. Agriculture was limited due to the land not being arable ( lead to colonization) Mountainous terrain helped and hindered the development of city-states

Mycenaeans 1400 BC – dominated the Aegean world Were sailors and traders Traded with Sicily, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Minoans Took over the Minoan civilization in Crete

Mycenaean Society Warrior Artisans/ Craftsmen, architects, merchants Kings supported by nobles who exchanged lands and favors - dominated society Artisans/ Craftsmen, architects, merchants Peasants and slaves Most of what we know of society comes from Homer’s Illiad and Odyssey

Mycenaean Decline Collapse- 1200 B.C. Warfare and Earthquakes Trojan War was the last great enterprise, 1250 BC

“The Dark Ages” The Dorians Indo-European invaders who took over Mycenaeans 1100 BC – 800 BC: took step backward Scorned city-life, lost skills, didn’t write Bad traders Lead to the Greek Dark Ages.

Trojan War Told by Homer Hector of Troy stole Helen the wife of the Greek King Proved true by Heinrich Schliemann who found Troy

Greek Culture Focus on Arete, the strive for excellence, honor, fame, and showing courage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccDFpoF5tZw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFn47a_Ny0Y

Olympic Games Held in Olympia to honor the gods Every four years starting in 776 BC Pentathlon: broad jump, discus, javelin, stadium sprint (200 yards), wrestling Prizes were a olive wreath and fame and honor

Athens and Sparta WHI: 5c

Essential Questions How did democracy develop in Athens? How did Sparta differ from Athens?

Social Structure Polis- city-state; was the fundamental political unit in ancient Greece. made up of a city and its surrounding countryside

Social Structure Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and responsibility of civic participation in government. Women and foreigners had no political rights. Slaves had no political rights.

Political Structure Monarchy Single person ruled (King) Rule is hereditary Some rulers claim divine right Practiced in Mycenae

Political Structure Aristocracy (Athens) Ruled by nobility Rule is hereditary; based on family ties Practiced in Athens prior to 594 B.C

Political Structure Tyranny (Athens) Powerful individuals (nobles or wealthy citizen) take over by appealing to the common people Rulers were not seen as harsh like they are today. Set up jobs once in power.

Political Structure Important tyrants Both pushed for reform Draco First written laws in Athens Solon Asked to rule and make reforms to end conflict between rich and poor Both pushed for reform

Political structure Democracy (Athens) Origin of democratic principles State ruled by its citizens Rule is based on citizenship Majority rule decides votes Practiced in Athens by about 500 B.C Origin of democratic principles Direct democracy, public debate, duties of the citizen

Political Structure Oligarchy (Sparta) State ruled by a small group of citizens Rule is based on wealth or ability Ruling group controls military

Sparta Located in Peloponnesus (South) Conquered the Messenians Messenians became helots (aka-slaves)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFENA4I5xws&feature=related

Code of Lycurgus Unhealthy babies were left for dead 7year-old boys joined the military At 20 a man could marry but stayed in the military At 30 a man moved into the reserves for 30 years

Spartan Women Women wrestled and played other sports in addition to running family estates Women had every right except to vote

Persian Wars SOL: WHI.5d

Persian Invasion Invasion #1 (490 BC) Started in Ionia Greeks in Ionia revolted against Persian Rule King Darius vowed to destroy Athens

Battle of Marathon 10,000 Athenians repelled 25,000 Persians at Marathon Persians head to Athens by boat Pheldippides beat them there by running the 26.2 miles to Athens to warn the people, “Rejoice, we conquer”

Invasion #2 Xerxes, son of Darius vowed to crush Greece Persian military had people from all over (Ethiopia, Arabs, Russians, and Persians) Some of Greece fought, others choose not to

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDF5n8bFD24 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RQm37K-clg

Battle at Thermopylae Narrow mountain pass held by 7,000 Athenians and 300 Spartans A traitor told Xerxes another way around Leonidas and his Spartans held as long as they could while the Athenians returned to defend the city

End of 2nd Invasion Athens evacuated Battle at sea 310 Greek ships rammed holes in the less agile Persian ship and sunk them Xerxes was scared and left

Consequences of Invasions Athens became a hero and formed the Delian League of 140 city states Delian League was to protect against a Persian invasion but was just an excuse to build an Athenian Empire

Key Concepts Persian wars united Athens and Sparta against Persia After the Athenian victory over Persia at Marathon and Salamis, Greeks were in control of the Aegean Sea. Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in government and culture.

Peloponnesian War: Athens vs. Sparta Rival pressures build and in 431 BC, the Spartans attacked and burnt the Athenian food supply Athenians tried to force a naval battle

Why Athens Lost: Plague of 430 BC killed 1/3rd of Athens, including Pericles Athenian navy defeated at Syracuse (Sicily) 404 BC, Athens surrendered

Effects of War Athens lost empire, power, wealth Confidence in democratic government decreased Art began to flourish and statues began to have emotional faces Drama shifted to Comedies, made fun of politics, people, and ideas.