C ELLULAR P ROCESSES Cellular Energy

E NERGY R ELATIONSHIPS  autotroph “auto” = self “auto” = self “troph” = nourishment “troph” = nourishment  heterotroph “hetero” = others “hetero” = others “troph” = nourishment “troph” = nourishment

What are you? a.an autotroph b.a heterotroph

A UTOTROPHS  make their own food (organic, energy- containing substance) from an inorganic source  also called producers Examples include plants, algae, and some bacteria. Examples include plants, algae, and some bacteria.  Two types photosynthetic photosynthetic chemosynthetic chemosynthetic

H ETEROTROPHS  depend on other organisms for their energy source Examples include humans, animals, fungi, and most bacteria.  also called consumers

SYNTHESIS P HOTO

P HOTOSYNTHESIS the process of taking light energy and converting it into stored chemical energy

W HAT IS THE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF ENERGY ?

the ultimate source of energy for living things S UN

P HOTOSYNTHESIS P HOTOSYNTHESIS  kinetic energy from the sun  potential energy in the form of a chemical (glucose)  A glucose molecule stores more than 90 times the energy in an ATP molecule

Glucose is a a.monosaccharide. b.disaccharide. c.polysaccharide.

adenosine triphosphate adenosine 123 ATPphosphates

Energy can be stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule. a.true b.false

adenosine triphosphate ATP

adenosine diphosphate adenosine 12 ADPphosphates

ATP  adenosine triphosphate  represents stored energy  easily converted to ADP

ADP  adenosine diphosphate  represents released energy(exothermic reaction)  easily converted back to ATP

adenosine adenosine 123 ATP triphosphate diphosphate ADP

adenosine 123 ATP triphosphate diphosphate ADP

adenosine adenosine 123 ATP triphosphate diphosphate ADP

U SABLE E NERGY  ADP + P + energy = ATP (stored energy) ATP (stored energy)  ATP – P = ADP (released energy) ADP (released energy) Making a bond- stores energy Breaking a bond- releases energy

ATP IS USED FOR: ATP IS USED FOR:  ACTIVE TRANSPORT SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP  MUSCLE CONTRACTION  BUILDING POLYMERS LIKE RNA  CELLULAR MOVEMENT AND LOCOMOTION

SYNTHESIS P HOTO P HOTO

H ISTORY  van Helmont A plant's substance does not come from the soil.  Priestley Plants take in CO 2 and give off O 2.

H ISTORY H ISTORY  Ingenhousz Plants require sunlight and water for proper growth.  Calvin Photosynthesis occurs in phases.

C HLOROPHYLL  primary catalyst of photosynthesis  green pigment in the grana of chloroplasts  produced by plant cells (requires iron and sunlight)  becomes activated by light energy

O THER P LANT P IGMENTS  different types of chlorophyll (a, b, c, d)  other pigments also  chlorophyll a: the primary catalyst for photosynthesis

Visible light is made up of many different _______________of light Your eyes “see” different sizes of waves as different ___________ wavelengths colors Bill Nye video

Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis, BUT.... Myth: Image from:

BUT… W E “ SEE ” REFLECTED LIGHT Light wavelengths that are ___________off of objects bounce back to our eyes. That is the ___________ we “see” Image modified from: REFLECTED COLOR

This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in this cover _______________ of the wavelengths of light _________ blue. _______ light is ____________ to your eyes and it looks BLUE except absorbs ALL BLUE reflected

The dye in this T shirt absorbs all of the colors __________________________ Red wavelengths are _________________ to your eyes and the shirt looks RED except red reflected GO CATS!

Objects “look BLACK” because black dye ________________ of the wavelengths of light. When wavelengths are absorbed so is the_____________ of the wave. That is why wearing a black T-shirt in the summer feels warmer than wearing a white t-shirt. absorbs ALL ENERGY

The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light. _______ energy is ABSORBED so wearing white clothing is “cooler”. REFLECTS ALL LITTLE

L IGHT -D EPENDENT P HASE 1.Chlorophyll is energized. 2.Photolysis occurs. 3.Oxygen from split water is released.

L IGHT -D EPENDENT P HASE 4.The hydrogen & electrons from split water bind to a compound to be used later. NADP + NADPH 5.Remaining energy is used to change ADP into ATP.

Light Dependent Reaction Light Dependent Reaction

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light-Independent Reactions Light & Water oxygen ATP NADPH Carbon Dioxide (CH 2 O) n Calvin Cycle

L IGHT -I NDEPENDENT P HASE  also called the Calvin Cycle  occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts

L IGHT -I NDEPENDENT P HASE 1.Carbon dioxide binds to a chemical called RuBP. 2.The resulting compound is unstable and breaks into two molecules of PGA.

L IGHT -I NDEPENDENT P HASE 3.PGA is converted to PGAL using the hydrogen and electrons from NADPH. The energy comes from ATP changing to ADP.

L IGHT -I NDEPENDENT P HASE 4.PGAL is used in two ways. –to form RuBP –to synthesize glucose

C ALVIN C YCLE A NIMATIONS C ALVIN C YCLE A NIMATIONS

C ONDITIONS FOR P HOTOSYNTHESIS  proper wavelengths of light  carbon dioxide  proper temperatures  water supply

6 H 2 O B ALANCED E QUATION chlorophyll + 6 CO 2 + C6H12O6 + light energy 6 O 2

What happens during photolysis? a.Water is split. b. Light is split. c. Energy is stored. d. Energy is released.

What is the catalyst that captures the light energy? a.RuBP b.glucose c.chlorophyll d.water

In which phase does photolysis occur? a.light-dependent phase b.light-independent phase

Which chemical is a CO 2 acceptor? a.PGAL b.NADPH c.H 2 O d.RuBP

ADP is converted to ATP in the a.light-dependent phase. b.light-independent phase.

C ELLULAR R ESPIRATION

the breakdown of a food substance into usable cellular energy in the form of ATP C ELLULAR R ESPIRATION

P HOTOSYNTHESIS kinetic energy kinetic energy stored chemical energy (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

C ELLULAR R ESPIRATION stored chemical energy (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) usable chemical energy usable chemical energy

C ELLULAR R ESPIRATION  aerobic requires oxygen  anaerobic does not require oxygen

A EROBIC C ELLULAR R ESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 H 2 O + CO 2 + energy (ATP) H 2 O + CO 2 + energy (ATP)

MITOCHONDRIA

G LYCOLYSIS  beginning for both types of cellular respiration  does not require oxygen  occurs in the cytoplasm which contains the enzymes necessary for the series of reactions

G LYCOLYSIS G LYCOLYSIS  breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid, H +, and electrons  products are sent to the mitochondria  two net ATP  Two NADH molecules

A EROBIC R ESPIRATION  citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) pyruvic acid into citric acid pyruvic acid into citric acid also produces H + and electrons also produces H + and electrons two net ATP two net ATP CO2 diffuses out of mitochondria and leaves the cell CO2 diffuses out of mitochondria and leaves the cell

A EROBIC R ESPIRATION  hydrogen and electron transport system occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria forms ATP as electrons pass from one enzyme to another forms ATP as electrons pass from one enzyme to another

A EROBIC R ESPIRATION  hydrogen and electron transport system hydrogen and electron transport system hydrogen and electron transport system – ends as the hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to form water – 32 net ATP

E NERGY F ACTS  Aerobic cellular respiration stores 50–60% of the energy from glucose in molecules of ATP.  Aerobic cellular respiration results in the net gain of 36 molecules of ATP.

A NAEROBIC R ESPIRATION  cellular fermentation breakdown of food (glucose) without oxygen breakdown of food (glucose) without oxygen  Two main pathways of fermentation Alcoholic fermentation Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid fermentation Lactic acid fermentation

C ELLULAR F ERMENTATION  Glycolysis forms pyruvic acid.  Pyruvic acid is converted into either alcohol or lactic acid.

C ELLULAR F ERMENTATION  alcoholic fermentation- 2 step process bacteria bacteria yeasts yeasts  lactic acid fermentation- 1 step bacteria bacteria many animal cells many animal cells

E NERGY F ACTS  Cellular fermentation supplies no ATP energy beyond glycolysis.  Cellular fermentation results in the net gain of two molecules of ATP.

What is cellular respiration? a.enzymatic breakdown of substances b. exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment c. breakdown of food to release usable energy for the cell d. synthesis of organic compounds

Glycolysis is anaerobic. a.true b.false

How many net ATP are produced during glycolysis? a.2 ATP b. 4 ATP c. 32 ATP d. 36 ATP