Breuer and Freud:Breuer and Freud: Freudian TheoryFreudian Theory – – –

id Ego IDID – – – – – –

EGOEGO –Reality Principle – EGOEGO –Reality Principle – –

SUPEREGOSUPEREGO – SUPEREGOSUPEREGO – –

id Ego Ego’s BattlesEgo’s Battles Keep Id in Check via:Keep Id in Check via: – Ego’s BattlesEgo’s Battles Keep Id in Check via:Keep Id in Check via: – – – –

ORAL STAGE (Birth-18 Months)ORAL STAGE (Birth-18 Months)ORAL STAGE (Birth-18 Months)ORAL STAGE (Birth-18 Months) ANAL STAGE (18 Months-3 Years) ANAL STAGE (18 Months-3 Years) PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 Years) PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 Years) – Odeipus and Electra Complexes PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 Years) PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 Years) – Odeipus and Electra Complexes LATENCY PERIOD LATENCY PERIOD GENITAL STAGE (Puberty) GENITAL STAGE (Puberty)

EGO OR SELF-PSYCHOLOGYEGO OR SELF-PSYCHOLOGYEGO OR SELF-PSYCHOLOGYEGO OR SELF-PSYCHOLOGY –Anna Freud Anna FreudAnna Freud OBJECT RELATIONSOBJECT RELATIONSOBJECT RELATIONSOBJECT RELATIONS –Klein and Kernberg Klein and KernbergKlein and Kernberg JUNG AND ADLERJUNG AND ADLERJUNG AND ADLERJUNG AND ADLER EGO OR SELF-PSYCHOLOGYEGO OR SELF-PSYCHOLOGYEGO OR SELF-PSYCHOLOGYEGO OR SELF-PSYCHOLOGY –Anna Freud Anna FreudAnna Freud OBJECT RELATIONSOBJECT RELATIONSOBJECT RELATIONSOBJECT RELATIONS –Klein and Kernberg Klein and KernbergKlein and Kernberg JUNG AND ADLERJUNG AND ADLERJUNG AND ADLERJUNG AND ADLER

Contributions of Freud’s Theories Focus on the individual’s inner workings. He tapped into our complexities by identifying our competing and conflicting thoughts and emotions created & popularized therapy defense mechanisms prompted thought about how anxiety is controlled on a conscious level made us think about how children develop: posited the existence of the unconscious….evidence: –Subliminal perception –Implicit memory (vs explicit, consciously recalled material) –Dissociative phenomena –Automatic Processes

Limitations of Freud’s Theories Limitations of Freud’s Theories Concepts too subjective and unscientific, cannot be objectively measured and validated. Skewed clinical sample, not representative of all HUMANITY, as his ideas were thought to be / relied heavily on early childhood reports but saw no children / personality dev’t theory is highly implausible and impossible to verify / guilty of forcing seduction scenarios onto his patients? Patients often didn’t accept his interpretations /Whatever pts. said, Freud interpreted to fit his current theory Psychoanalytic theory and therapy ______________________________________________________________

PERSON-CENTERD THERAPYPERSON-CENTERD THERAPYPERSON-CENTERD THERAPYPERSON-CENTERD THERAPY – – – – PERSON-CENTERD THERAPYPERSON-CENTERD THERAPYPERSON-CENTERD THERAPYPERSON-CENTERD THERAPY –– – – – –– – – – –– – – – –– – – –

CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGCLASSICAL CONDITIONING –Pavlov & Watson –Contemporary Views CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGCLASSICAL CONDITIONING –Pavlov & Watson –Contemporary Views OPERANT CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING Skinner and Behavior Analysis – Skinner and Behavior Analysis OPERANT CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING Skinner and Behavior Analysis – Skinner and Behavior Analysis

EmotionEmotion BehaviorBehavior BiologyBiology CognitionCognition Environment

Rejection of PsychoanalysisRejection of PsychoanalysisRejection of PsychoanalysisRejection of Psychoanalysis Wolpe and Behavior TherapyWolpe and Behavior TherapyWolpe and Behavior TherapyWolpe and Behavior Therapy –Systematic DesensitizationSystematic Desensitization Later HybridsLater HybridsLater HybridsLater Hybrids Rejection of PsychoanalysisRejection of PsychoanalysisRejection of PsychoanalysisRejection of Psychoanalysis Wolpe and Behavior TherapyWolpe and Behavior TherapyWolpe and Behavior TherapyWolpe and Behavior Therapy –Systematic DesensitizationSystematic Desensitization Later HybridsLater HybridsLater HybridsLater Hybrids

COGNITIVE EMOTIVE INSIGHTS "People are not upset by things but by their idea of things." Epictetus "Our life is what our thoughts make it." Marcus Aurelius "There is nothing good or bad but thinking makes it so." Shakespeare "The mind is its own place and in itself can make a heaven of hell, or hell of heaven." Milton "The ancestor of every action is a thought - a man is what he thinks about all day long." Emerson

COGNITIVE EMOTIVE INSIGHTS “Man is the inventor of his own happiness.” Thoreau "Most folks are about as happy as they make up their minds to be." Lincoln "You are not what you think you are, but what you think, you are." Norman Vincent Peale "My life has been filled with terrible misfortunes, most of which never happened." Mark Twain “A person’s behavior springs from his/her ideas.” Alfred Adler

Increasing Social Support HelpsIncreasing Social Support Helps - Increasing Social Support HelpsIncreasing Social Support Helps - Lack of Social SupportLack of Social Support –Depression and Suicide Lack of Social SupportLack of Social Support –Depression and Suicide – Illness and Suppressed Immune Function – Variety of Other Disorders

Biological Influences Biological Influences Behavioral Influences Influences Behavioral Influences Influences Social Influences Social Influences Cognitive & Emotional Cognitive & Emotional Influences Influences Cognitive & Emotional Cognitive & Emotional Influences Influences

Treat the Disease, Cure the ProblemTreat the Disease, Cure the Problem Abnormal Behavior is a DiseaseAbnormal Behavior is a Disease –1930s: _________________________ –1950s: _________________________ –1970s: _________________________

Abnormal Behavior is a DiseaseAbnormal Behavior is a Disease Problem is Biological (Brain), not PsychologicalProblem is Biological (Brain), not Psychological More Pharmacologic RemediesMore Pharmacologic Remedies Language of MedicineLanguage of Medicine

We Inherit Predispositions, not Psychological Disorders No Single GeneNo Single Gene 50% Contribution50% Contribution No Single GeneNo Single Gene 50% Contribution50% Contribution

Diathesis-Stress ModelDiathesis-Stress Model ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________________________ Diathesis-Stress ModelDiathesis-Stress Model ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________________________

Reciprocal Gene-Environment ModelReciprocal Gene-Environment Model –Genes Lead us to Take Risks – Reciprocal Gene-Environment ModelReciprocal Gene-Environment Model –Genes Lead us to Take Risks – – Diathesis-Stress ModelDiathesis-Stress Model

Family StudiesFamily Studies –Index Cases or “Probands” Pedigree StudiesPedigree Studies____________________ Twin StudiesTwin Studies – ___________________________ Adoption StudiesAdoption Studies –More Compelling Approach Family StudiesFamily Studies –Index Cases or “Probands” Pedigree StudiesPedigree Studies____________________ Twin StudiesTwin Studies – ___________________________ Adoption StudiesAdoption Studies –More Compelling Approach

NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM F CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM –Brain –Spinal Cord F CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM –Brain –Spinal Cord Neuroscience Perspective

Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMPERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM –Autonomic System _________________________ –Somatic System Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMPERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM –Autonomic System _________________________ –Somatic System Neuroscience Perspective

F Agonists –Increase Activity of a Neurotransmitter F Antagonists –Decrease or Block a Neurotransmitter F Inverse Agonists –Produce Effects Opposite the Neurotransmitter F Agonists –Increase Activity of a Neurotransmitter F Antagonists –Decrease or Block a Neurotransmitter F Inverse Agonists –Produce Effects Opposite the Neurotransmitter

MajorMajor Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters in Psychopathology in Psychopathology MajorMajor Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters in Psychopathology in Psychopathology u Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) u Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) u Serotonin Serotonin Serotonin u Serotonin Serotonin Serotonin u Dopamine Dopamine u Dopamine Dopamine u Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) u Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

u Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) –Helps regulate emotion & arousal statesHelps regulate emotion & arousal states –Alpha and Beta Andrenergic ReceptorsAlpha and Beta Andrenergic Receptors –Beta BlockersBeta Blockers u Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) –Helps regulate emotion & arousal statesHelps regulate emotion & arousal states –Alpha and Beta Andrenergic ReceptorsAlpha and Beta Andrenergic Receptors –Beta BlockersBeta Blockers

u Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) u Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) u Serotonin Serotonin –Regulates Thought, Emotion, and BehaviorRegulates Thought, Emotion, and Behavior –Low levels: Impulsivity, Aggression, Suicide, OvereatingLow levels: Impulsivity, Aggression, Suicide, Overeating –SSRI Drugs - ProzacSSRI Drugs - Prozac –15+ different receptors15+ different receptors u Serotonin Serotonin –Regulates Thought, Emotion, and BehaviorRegulates Thought, Emotion, and Behavior –Low levels: Impulsivity, Aggression, Suicide, OvereatingLow levels: Impulsivity, Aggression, Suicide, Overeating –SSRI Drugs - ProzacSSRI Drugs - Prozac –15+ different receptors15+ different receptors

u Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) u Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) u Serotonin Serotonin u Serotonin Serotonin u Dopamine Dopamine –Exploratory, Pleasure-SeekingExploratory, Pleasure-Seeking –L-DOPA (Dopamine Agonist)L-DOPA (Dopamine Agonist) –Parkinson’s Disease (too little)Parkinson’s Disease (too little) –Schizophrenia (too much)Schizophrenia (too much) u Dopamine Dopamine –Exploratory, Pleasure-SeekingExploratory, Pleasure-Seeking –L-DOPA (Dopamine Agonist)L-DOPA (Dopamine Agonist) –Parkinson’s Disease (too little)Parkinson’s Disease (too little) –Schizophrenia (too much)Schizophrenia (too much)

u Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) u Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) u Serotonin Serotonin u Serotonin Serotonin u Dopamine Dopamine u Dopamine Dopamine u GABA GABA –Reduces Overall Arousal and Emotion (inhibitory)Reduces Overall Arousal and Emotion (inhibitory) –Valium, Librium, Xanax Make More GABA AvailableValium, Librium, Xanax Make More GABA Available –Anxiety and StressAnxiety and Stress u GABA GABA –Reduces Overall Arousal and Emotion (inhibitory)Reduces Overall Arousal and Emotion (inhibitory) –Valium, Librium, Xanax Make More GABA AvailableValium, Librium, Xanax Make More GABA Available –Anxiety and StressAnxiety and Stress

Where Does a Approach to Abnormal Behavior Psychological Fit?

Interaction of Psychosocial Factors and Brain Function Rhesus monkeys, control, and GABA Rats in complex environments vs. “couch potatoes”: ______________________________ The battle of crayfish and serotonin levels

One-Dimensional ModelsOne-Dimensional Models ONE CAUSE DISORDERDISORDER F Multidimensional Models MANY CAUSES

Many Paths to a Given ProblemMany Paths to a Given Problem –Principle of Equifinality Many Paths to a Given ProblemMany Paths to a Given Problem –Principle of Equifinality SocialFactorsSocialFactors Genes and Biology Biology Cogniton, Emotion, and BehaviorCogniton, Behavior Age and Development Development

SocialFactorsSocialFactors Genes and Biology Biology Cogniton, Emotion, and BehaviorCogniton, Behavior Age and Development Development Perspective: The Blind Men and the Elephant