Phrases, Clauses, Conjunctions, Related Sentence Structure GRAMMAR is your friend! Phrases, Clauses, Conjunctions, And Related Sentence Structure & Punctuation

PLEASE REFER TO YOUR TEXT’S INDEX TO REVIEW ALL CONCEPTS & TERMS In this lesson!

Phrase A group of words with no self-contained, independent meaning.

Types of phrases (and clauses) Modifying (describing) Prepositional (spatial or time) Verbal (infinitive, participle, gerund) PLEASE REFER TO YOUR TEXT’S INDEX TO REVIEW THE ABOVE CONCEPTS & TERMS!

Clauses Every clause has at least a subject and verb.

Sentence A sentence is a complete thought. It consists of a subject and predicate. The predicate is the verb and everything that follows it. A sentence is also an independent clause.

? How can a dependent clause have a subject and verb yet not express a complete thought?

Two Types of Clauses Independent Clauses can stand alone as complete thoughts. Dependent Clauses cannot stand alone, and they depend on another word group In the sentence (an independent clause) to complete meaning.

Subordinators Two groups of words CREATE dependence or subordination: Subordinating Conjunctions and Relative Pronouns. These two groups of words create DEPENDENT CLAUSES!

Examples Examples of SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS & the meanings they express: Time: when, since Reason: because, since, as Result: that, so that Condition: if, unless Contrast: although, whereas Location: where, wherever Choice: whether, than SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (and relative pronouns) CREATE DEPENDENT CLAUSES! See your text for a complete list of SUBORDINATORS!

“BISAWAWE” is a memory tool for a few subordinating conjunctions Because If So that After When Although While Even though

More subordinators Another group of words that create dependent or subordinating clauses is called RELATIVE PRONOUNS. EXAMPLES: Who, which, that, whom, whoever

Examples If the bond issue passes, the city will install new sewers. In the above sentence, the underlined clause is dependent or subordinate. The bold clause is the independent clause which could stand alone: The city will install new sewers.

Coordinating Conjunctions connect “equal” or independent clauses with a comma preceding the conjunction.

Coordinating Conjunctions “FANBOYS” For And Nor But Or Yet So

Examples of Coordinating Conjunctions Connecting Independent Clauses The sky turned gray, and it rained. Two independent Clauses: The sky turned gray. It rained. I left early, yet I was late for class. I left early. I was late for class.

TRANSITIONS Most transition words or phrases Are CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS.

Addition: also, furthermore, moreover, besides Conjunctive Adverbs (Several are also known as transition-words) and the Relationships They Express Addition: also, furthermore, moreover, besides Contrast: however, still, nevertheless, conversely, nevertheless, instead, otherwise Comparison: similarly, likewise Result or Summary: therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, hence, then Time: next, then, meanwhile, finally, subsequently, indeed, certainly

THE PATTERN: Independent Clause/Semicolon/Conjunctive Adverb/Comma/Independent Clause

Independent Clause Semicolon (;) Conjunctive Adverb Comma (,) NOTE THE PATTERN! Independent Clause Semicolon (;) Conjunctive Adverb Comma (,) Independent Clause.

Examples— I am overweight; therefore, I should exercise more. Independent Clause/Semicolon/Conjunctive Adverb/Comma/Independent Clause Examples— I am overweight; therefore, I should exercise more. I enjoy swimming; however, I don’t get to swim often.

ANOTHER RULE FOLLOWS!

A comma follows an introductory phrase or clause. EXAMPLES When I arrive, please be ready! Without a doubt, the idea is great!

COMMA SPLICE An error that occurs when a comma (ONLY) is between TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES!

To correct comma splices Keep comma and add coordinating conjunction (FANBOY); Change comma to period AND Capitalize the following word; OR Change comma to semicolon.

Reminder Remember to document your Study Journal to show what you have studied!

In Closing For better understanding-- PLEASE REFER TO YOUR TEXT’S INDEX TO REVIEW THE CONCEPTS & TERMS in this lesson!

For more study Clauses http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/clause.htm http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htm Independent clauses http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_clause http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_clause.html http://grammar.uoregon.edu/clauses/independent.html Dependent Clauses http://grammar.uoregon.edu/clauses/dependent.html http://www.kentlaw.edu/academics/lrw/grinker/LwtaDependant_Clauses_and_Phrases.htm Comma Splices http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_splice http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/csfsro.html http://web.uvic.ca/wguide/Pages/SentComSplice.html http://www.grammartips.homestead.com/splice.html Fragments http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/fragmentcauses.html http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_frag.html Semicolons & Colons http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/colons.htm http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~olson/pms/semicolon.html http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/semicolon.html http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_commacomp.html Run-On, Comma Splice, Fragment Self-check Quiz http://www.uvsc.edu/owl/tests/run_frag.html

Thanks for your attention! RebekahMattox@hotmail.com