B IRDS, B EES, AND B UTTERFLIES

B EE Without bees, no pollination No food According to the Department of Agriculture, bees pollinate over $15 billion worth of U.S. crops

C OLONY C OLLAPSE D ISORDER (CCD) Adult bees fly off to die Causes include parasites, viruses, bacteria, poor nutrition and pesticides

C OLONY C OLLAPSE D ISORDER (CCD) The viruses compromise bees’ ability to manufacture proteins to fight off pathogens, to detoxify pesticides, etc.

C OLONY C OLLAPSE D ISORDER (CCD) A U.S. District Judge from Manhattan has banned the sale of spirotetramat after January 15, 2010, a pesticide produced by Bayer CropScience. Citing allegations by environmental groups and commercial beekeepers that the pesticide is toxic and is killing off the nation's honeybee population. According to Cote, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) did not follow proper procedure when approving spirotetramat. The EPA did not take public comment about the pesticide before approving it and the agency failed to publish both the Bayer application and the approval documents in the Federal Register. The EPA and Bayer CropScience have 60 days to appeal the decision.

C OLONY C OLLAPSE D ISORDER (CCD) Queen and a small number of survivor bees may be present in the brood nest

C OLONY C OLLAPSE D ISORDER (CCD) February 2007, many of the beekeepers reporting heavy losses associated with CCD 50-90% of their colonies Surviving colonies not viable pollinating or honey producing

C OLONY C OLLAPSE D ISORDER (CCD) No evidence CCD affects honey Impact limited to adult bees

C OLONY C OLLAPSE D ISORDER (CCD) GMO crops, specifically Bt Corn Genetically Modified Organism Symptoms not consistent with GMO Not a “top” priority at the moment

C OLONY C OLLAPSE D ISORDER (CCD) Radiation transmitted by cell towers The distribution of both affected and non-affected CCD does not make this a likely cause Also cell phone service is not available in some areas where affected commercial apiaries are located For this reason, it is currently not a top priority.

aily.com/releases/20 12/01/ htm

science-zombie-flies-poisonous-planter-exhaust

N ATIVE B EES Most native bees solitary Resistant to CCD Honeybees introduced from Europe in 1622

N ATIVE B EES Lay egg in cavity and plug with food

N ATIVE B EES Work longer hours Prolific pollinators

N ATIVE B EES Sweat Bees Rarely sting Collect pollen on hairs on legs

N ATIVE B EES Mariola bee One of few natives that produce honey Stingless

N ATIVE B EES Mason Bee

N ATIVE B EES Digger Bee

N ATIVE B EES Bumblebee

N ATIVE B EE H OMES Sunny location Protect from rain At least 3’ off ground

N ATIVE B EE H OMES Simple nesting blocks mason bees and leaf-cutting bees Multiple holes drilled into blocks of wood several inches deep vary in diameter, from 2 mm to 7 mm. untreated lumber or dried logs

N ATIVE B EE HOMES Hollow tubes Sections of bamboo 12” long Bees will plug the end of the tube with mud

N ATIVE B EE H OMES

B IRDS Most birds do not eat seeds Insects Cardinals and Finches are seed-eaters

B IRDS Black oil sunflower seeds preferred

W ATER Drink and bathe Dripping water is attractive Mosquitoes Perching sticks

W ATER Change water 2-3 times per week Bird feces Mosquitoes

S HELTER Brush pile to hide from predators

S HELTER Bird houses species specific

B ATS Massive insect consumption

B ATS With bats threatened by careless wind-turbine development in major flyways and, more pressingly, by the new and dreadful White Nose Syndrome Some such bats worth $3 billion in agricultural insect control

B ATS Some suggest fungus introduced by spelunkers

B ATS day.com/communiti es/ondeadline/post/2 012/01/fungus-has- killed-up-to-67m- bats-in-potential- extinction/1

B UTTERFLIES Most adult butterflies live days Some live no longer than three or four days Monarchs may live six months

B UTTERFLIES Puddling Wet, muddy area Minerals and nutrients

B UTTERFLIES Basking Body temperatures between 85 and 100F Stones or concrete

B UTTERFLIES Hibernation box Fraud

B UTTERFLIES Food source Caterpillar plants Fennel (Swallowtail)

B UTTERFLIES Food source Nectar plants Lantana (Swallowtail)

B UTTERFLIES Food source Nectar plants Pentas (Sulfur)

B UTTERFLIES Food source Nectar plants Mexican sunflower (Swallowtail)

B UTTERFLIES Food source Nectar plants Butterfly bush (Red admiral)

B UTTERFLIES Food source Nectar plants Mexican sunflower (Gulf fritillary)

L IZARDS

A NOLES American chameleon Not true chameleon

B ROWN ANOLE Invasive

S KINKS

G ECKO Invasive

B IRDS 9

Activities/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening- Tips/How-to-Attract-Butterflies-to-Your- Garden.aspx