Emancipation of Slaves: Gradual or Immediate? Gradual –freeing children as born or at adulthood –freeing old people as they stop work –permitting people to ‘buy’ their freedom –freeing slaves when master dies Immediate –political emancipation: Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 –slave rebellion or revolution

Reconstructing the Labor System Compensation? –To slaveowners for loss of property? –To slaves for historical oppression? “Forty Acres and a Mule” Political Emancipation: “Nothing but Freedom” –Freedmen’s Bureau –Wartime Amendments: 13th Amendment ends slavery 14th provides citizenship, due process and equal protection of the law 15th provides right to vote

Women’s Emancipation Property Rights: to own property, work Political Rights: vote, hold office, serve on juries, participate in political activity Reproductive Rights: birth control Social & Cultural Rights: to travel, speak in public, dress, attend cultural or educational institutions…

Women’s Emancipation Right to own property: Married Women’s Property Acts (1850s on); Married Women’s Earnings Laws (1870s on) Right to Education: Women’s Colleges, and Coeducational Higher Education (1850s - on) Divorce and Custody Laws changed to give women custody of children (late 19th century) Reproductive rights: voluntary motherhood (ca. 1880s) ; birth control (ca 1920); planned parenthood (ca 1950s); reproductive rights (1970s+) Right to Vote: 19th Amendment: 1920

But between 1890s and 1960s for the Freed Population and Women Separate but Equal…(Plessy v. Ferguson) –segregated jobs, schools, public accommodations –“white” primary –“grandfather” clauses, poll taxes Separate Spheres… –Separate education: e.g., home economics –Protective legislation –Separate economic roles which mesh with ‘home responsibilities’

Civil Rights Revolution First the courts: Brown v. Board of Education (1954); Roe v. Wade (1973) Equal Pay Act of 1963 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Housing Act of 1968 Title IX of education amendments of 1972