Biochemistry Lecture & Notes Mr. Rosenberg

Biochemistry Organic Compounds Contain carbon Inorganic Compounds Do not contain carbon Water is one

Water Water is the universal solvent –It dissolves almost everything

Organic Compounds Organic compounds are composed of hundreds of individual molecules –The “building blocks” of a polymer are called monomers

Organic Compounds The long molecules formed by monomers are called polymers

Macromolecules 4 Types of Organic Compounds or macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. –Essential to maintaining life processes

My lunch! (not really) Carbohydrates, protein, lipids

Carbohydrates Make up sugars, starches, and cellulose The ratio of the atoms is 1 C : 2 H : 1 O Provide energy to cells Dissolve in water (hydrophilic)

Types of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are classified according to size. One sugar is a monosaccharide (monomer).monosaccharide Many sugar molecules linked together form a polysaccharide (polymer).polysaccharide

The simplest Carbohydrate: Glucose

Yummy

Monosaccharide Milk SugarFruit Sugar Types of Carbs

Disaccharide Maltose is two glucose molecules; forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion. Types of Carbs

Polysaccharide Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches. Types of Carbs

Lipids The three types of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes Typically contain two monomers – glycerol and fatty acidsglycerol and fatty acids Lipids don’t mix with water –Oil in water floats on top

Butter

Fats and Oils

Monomers in Lipids Lipids

Functions of Lipids Lipids store energy for later use by the body Lipids also serve as padding and protection for the body

Lipid does not dissolve in water: simple!

Structure of a Lipid hydrophilic hydrophobic

Lipids: A Head & Three Tails

Cell Membranes Lipid Bilayer: makeup cell membranes –Head is the phosphate group. Hydrophilic –Tails are the fatty acids. Hydrophobic

Saturated & Unsaturated Fats

Proteins Proteins are the building materials for the body Hair, skin, muscles, and organs are made mostly of proteins Proteins are structural AND functional

Function of Proteins The building blocks of proteins are amino acids (monomers) Amino acids are connected by a peptide bond Proteins serve as enzymes which control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Amino acid chains are called polypeptides A protein contains one or more polypeptide chains

Amino Acids Function of Proteins

Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) Nucleotides are the monomers of DNA and RNA DNA is the genetic material

Clarification So, Nucleic Acids are one of our four groups and are a polymer There are two types of Nucleic Acids –DNA –RNA These are themselves made of a Nucleotide, which is a monomer

Nucleic Acids A nucleotide has three components: 1.Sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose) 2.Phosphate 3.Nitrogen Base

The End Pat yourself on the back - good job!