Combat in and on seas, oceans and any other major bodies of water. Controlled by the Allied Powers with Central Powers trying to break blockade and establish blockade of their own Technology dominated by battleship British ships had larger guns and Germans had better optical equipment and range-finding Dreadnoughts were the best ships, the fastest and most powerful ship of the time Technology was dominated by the battleship (dreadnoughts)

First naval battle of the war Germans lost 1200 men, British lost 35 Influenced British Vice Admiral Beatty’s appointment to British Light Cruiser, HMS Arethusa Commander of the Grand Fleet in 1917

Royal navy had spent months searching for German quadron Five German vessels, four British vessels British lost two ships and other two badly damaged German victory that prompted Battle of Falklands HMS Monmouth

British battle cruisers sunk 5 German cruisers Last sea fight determined by gunnery alone Cleared Pacific and South Atlantic of Germans Demonstrated British sea power British battle cruiser HMS Invincible

German group attacked several North Sea English seaports Bombardment lasted from 8:10am – 9:30am Public outrage at Royal Navy Remains after a sea raid

German submarine war heavily in progress Inspired by success of previous raids British intercepted Germans at Dogger Bank Not a major victory but morale booster for Britain German ship Blucher sinking

Torpedoed by a German U-Boat Over 1198 deaths, including over 100 Americans Lusitania was carrying arms Contributing factor to United States joining the war The Lusitania

British fought running battle against Germans Largest sea battle of WWI Majority of Germans managed to escape German High Seas Fleet did not venture into North Sea again Intensive U-boat campaign started instead in 1917 German High Seas Fleet

German Kiserliche Marine raided Allied positions in Dover Strait Floating mines prevented Germans from entering the English Channel Two British ships were bombarded by German destroyers German fleet fled the channel without any losses HMS Dover, British Cruiser destroyed by Germans

Three Austro-Hungrian cruisers and two destroyers Sank two Italian ships and fourteen Allied patrols Combined British, French and Italian flotilla attacked Poor Allied tactics led to Austrians escaping Damaged Austrian cruiser Novara

British planned to neutralize German ports in Belgium Secretly planned to block the port exits of the Zeebrugge and Ostend British Cruiser, Vindictive, caught fire in the operation Blockage was unsuccessful, German’s remained in control of the ports 500 British casualties British Cruiser, HMS Vindictive

Largest naval battle of World War I Fought 31 May – 1 June 1916 in North Sea near Jutland, Denmark Intention of Germans was to destroy portion of Grand Fleet Royal Navy wanted to destroy High Seas Fleet or at least keep German force away from shipping lanes Fourteen British ships and eleven German ships sunk with great loss of life Both sides claimed victory

German plan was to lure out a battlecruiser squadron from naval bases by sending in a fast German battlecruiser force Allied squadron would then be defeated by large U- Boat force British had copy of main German code book from captured ship, and therefore knew the German plan British deployed battle squadron before Germans could get into position, and prepared for battle

British lost tons of ships, while Germans lost tons Germans lost 2500 ships while British lost 6000 seamen British maintained control of the North Sea, though the winner of the battle was undetermined German High Seas Fleet did not venture into the North Sea again, and instead started a more intensive U-Boat campaign in 1917

Aircraft carrier became premier vessel of fleet Submarines also became increasingly important and were used primarily for stopping/destroying resources from North America Most important shipboard developments were in the area of anti-submarine warfare Aircraft were used much more often in conjunction with sea vessels, and aircraft became a much more important tool in destroying ships and submarines

German U-Boats had large stealth advantage over Allied escorts as they could not be detected underwater Allied scientists developed Anti-Submarine Detection Investigation Committee (ASDIC) which allowed detection (also known as sonar) The system worked by emitting sound signals at regular time intervals and the return ping from a solid object (submarine) allows detection Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) emits radio waves that are reflected by solid objects on cathode ray screen Development allowed detection of surfaced U-Boats and surface ships when implemented in

First major battle of WWII Took place just off the River Plate estuary in the South Atlantic, off the coast of Argentina and Uruguay More damage to Allied forces, but considered Allied victory False intelligence led to the scuttling of the Graf Spree, the heavy cruiser that was the main target of the battle

British victory in which 2 British destroyers were sunk and 9 German ships were sunk Took place in Narvik, Norway German torpedoes had severe problems with magnetic detonator systems, likely due to high northern latitude

Royal Navy considered victory at Narvik imperative First U-Boat, U-64, sunk by Allied plane (Fairey Swordfish) Three German destroyers sunk by Warspite and her escorts and other five were scuttled by German crews due to low fuel and ammunition Result was British victory with 8 German ships and 1 U-Boat sunk or scuttled and no British ships sunk

British air/sea attack based from HMS Illustrious designed to cripple Italian fleet and permit re-supply of British in North Africa British caught Italians by surprise with torpedo bombers Halved Italian battleship fleet – Italians withdrew to safer anchorages Japanese studied attack when planning Pearl Harbor

Cape is southwest coast of Greece’s Peolponnesian peninsula British Royal Navy ships accompanied by Royal Australian Navy intercepted and severely damaged ships of Italian Regia Marina Decisive Allied victory (2300+ Italians dead and 5 ships)

Removed the United States Navy’s battleship force as threat to Japanese Empire Aircraft carrier force attacked American fleet at Pearl Harbor Within short time of strike, five of eight battleships were sunk and the rest damaged

Battle between Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied naval and air forces of US and Australia Tactical victory for Japanese but strategic victory for Allies Japanese expansion stopped and allowed future Allied offensive campaigns

Regarded as most important naval battle of WWII in Pacific Campaign United States decisively defeated Japanese attack and caused irreparable damage to Japanese navy Battle paved the way for further offensive campaigns against Japanese

Decisive battle in months-long Guadalcanal campaign (Solomon Islands) Allies seized airfield and ensuing naval battle caused extensive losses on both sides U.S. was successful in protecting seized airfield and prevented troops from reaching Guadalcanal Strategic victory for Allies

Largest aircraft carrier battle in history and decisive American victory Occurred between United States and Empire of Japan Over 600 Japanese planes were destroyed, as well as 3 carriers and 2 oil ships, while only 123 American planes were destroyed

Longest military campaign of the Second World War Arguably the most important Canada was major participant Determination of Allied sailors and airmen, North American industrial capacity and breaking of German codes allowed eventual success Height was mid-1940 to the end of 1943 U-Boats and German warships battled Allied warships and convoys Convoys travelled from North America and South Atlantic and were destined for United Kingdom and Soviet Union

British needed over one million tons of imported goods per week to survive the war Axis powers (mostly Germany) wanted to cut off supplies to Britain From 1942 on, Germans wanted to prevent buildup of supplies that would allow British landing in occupied Europe British needed to defeat German naval threat to allow invasion of Europe

Germans failed to stop flow of supplies to Britain This allowed massive buildup of troops and supplies for Normandy landings Over 3500 Allied merchant ships were sunk and over merchant sailors killed; 175 Allied warships were sunk 783 German submarines were sunk and sailors were killed; 174 remaining U-Boats were surrendered to the Allies

Technological advances on ships (radar, weaponry, sonar, etc.) Aircraft carriers became huge part of naval warfare – perhaps the most significant military development of the war Submarines played a larger role (in WWII) and became bigger and more deadly Attacks in WWII became more amphibious (airplanes became a very important weapon against ships and submarines – hence the importance of the aircraft carrier) Naval warfare influenced battles on land as well as at sea in WWII; naval warfare was strictly between sea-going vessels in WWI (ex. Pearl Harbor) Supply ships were a much more important target in WWII; unrestricted warfare was not a large part of WWI

Social: high casualties led to greater desire for improved technology in anti-submarine warfare Political: mastering the seas was necessary for both sides in winning the war Economic: supply convoys to Britain were necessary for Britain to keep up the war and keep economy running Military: loss of ships on both sides led to the desire for improved technology and designs for ships and submarines

Anti-submarine improvements allowed Allies to fend off the German U-Boat threat and receive supplies necessary for landing at Normandy German U-Boat advancements led to heavy British casualties throughout the war Development of aircraft carriers allowed navies to play larger role in the overall war (more effective weapon against land targets) Eventual Allied victory at sea allowed overall victory by accommodating large troop and supply buildup

Naval superiority was crucial to the war in several ways: Was needed to allow safe travel for merchant ships and supplies/troops Allowed access to other countries (for Britain – ex. Landing at Normandy) Was crucial in many joint land-sea campaigns (ex. Japan island hopping) Allies would not have been able to keep up war effort without the supplies from North America