Pharmacology in the Elderly
Pharmacological Challenges in the Elderly Pharmacokinetic changes Pharmacodynamic changes Multiple co-morbidities Polypharmacy More adverse effects Adherence problems/cognition Reduced diagnostic precision Few well designed trials in this population
Pharmacokinetics in the Elderly Absorption: remains relatively unchanged with age Distribution: reduce in body water increase in body fat plasma protein binding Metabolism: reduced hepatic blood flow reduced liver volume reduced enzymatic activity Excretion: reduced renal blood flow atrophic renal tissue
Pharmacodynamic Changes Changes in drug receptors/target organ responses - alter sensitivity to effect of drugs (> CNS effects of benzodiazepines) 2 nd to neuronal loss Impairment of secondary compensatory mechanisms - predispose to adverse effects (orthostatic hypotension with diuretics or TCAs).
Co-morbidities Lead to polypharmacy Increased risk of developing adverse events 2 nd to co-morbidities Risk of delirium 2 nd to anticholinergic drugs 2 nd to degeneration of cholinergic pathways Increased risk of cerebrovascular events on some antipsychotics in people with pre- existing cerebrovascular damage (Shah and Shu, 2005)
Polypharmacy Over age 65 people use an average of 8 drugs 1/3 of those has inappropriate use of at least one drug 10% are likely to have dangerous drug interaction (Cannon et al., 2006)
Minimising adverse effects whenever possible, use non-pharmacological treatments Start low, increase slowly, monitor frequently smallest number of medications/simplest dose regimens be familiar with drug effects in elderly Alternative applications if difficulties swallowing tablets
Minimizing adverse events cont’d Simple verbal/written instructions for every medication incl. generic/brand names, dosage, frequency, route and indication to avoid confusion presenting symptoms may be a result of medications (not old age) Avoid child-proof containers (also elder proof), use Webster pack or RDNS Ensure carer understands treatment
Reference Cannon, K.T., Choi, M.M., Zuniga, M.A. (2006), Potentially inappropriate use in elderly patients receiving home health care: a retrospective data analysis. American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, 4(2), Shah, A., Shu, G.H., (2005). A case for judicious use of risperidone and olanzapine in BPSD. International Psychogeriatrics, 17(1),