Studying the History of Education Table 10.1 Studying the History of Education Benefit Description Understanding the forces affecting education Studying history helps you understand social, political and religious forces and their impact on education. Learning from the past You can learn from both the successes and failures of past educational efforts. Clarifying history’s impact on current issues It is important for you to understand the impact of historical figures and events on current educational issues. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kindergarten movement Cooperative nursery schools Table 10.2 History of Early Childhood Education Influences Key Person/Event Description European influences Pestalozzi Gifted teacher who based his method on the theories of Rousseau. Froebel Emphasized the importance of childhood play; started kindergarten. Montessori Developed quality educational materials for use in the early childhood classroom. American efforts Kindergarten movement Early kindergarten programs designed to help low-income children become successful in school. Child study movement Effort to better understand child growth and development. Cooperative nursery schools Parents assist teacher in implementing preschool program. Head Start Begun in 1960s to help low-income preschool children be more successful in school. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Montessori Materials Table 10.3 Characteristics Description Careful attention to concept development Each piece of equipment was designed to teach specific concepts to children. Graduated difficulty/complexity As children develop, they need increasingly challenging materials to stimulate continued intellectual growth. Self-correcting Whenever possible, materials were designed to be self-correcting so that students could use them without adult guidance. Sensory-oriented Materials were designed to stimulate all the senses as an aid to learning. Source: Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work, by E. Standing, 1962, Fresno, CA: Academy Guild Press. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Apprenticeship programs Table 10.4 History of Elementary Education Time Period Schooling Options Description Early colonial times Dame schools Informal programs run by women from the community who had basic educational skills. Apprenticeship programs Children were taught the skills needed in specific trades by others who had mastered them. Charity schools Funded by religious groups for poor children to learn basic academic skills along with religious training. Mid-1600s Town schools Funded by tuition paid by parents of children within the local community. Moving schools Teacher traveled between towns and taught children for several months before moving on. District schools Townships were divided into districts, each with its own school. Late 1700s Common schools The idea of universal education and compulsory attendance laws led people such as Horace Mann to promote the establishment of common schools. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Teaching Materials Table 10.5 Early Teaching Materials Material Description The Hornbook The most common colonial teaching material was the hornbook, which consisted of a piece of paddle-shaped wood covered with a sheet of paper containing the alphabet and possibly one or two religious writings (such as the Lord’s Prayer). This paper was then covered by a thin coating of cow’s horn for protection from the elements, hence the name. New England Primer The first real book used in the schools was the New England Primer. Small in size and having thin wooden covers, these early religiously oriented books of 50 to 100 pages contained the alphabet, lists of words, and verses with small pictures for children to read and study. McGuffey Readers During the 1800s, the most popular books were a six-volume series called the McGuffey Readers. Moving away from the heavy emphasis on religion, this series promoted morality and Americanism through the poetry and writings of various leaders of the time. Sources: Early Schools and Schoolbooks of New England, by G. Littlefield, 1965. New York: Russell & Russell, Inc; and Public Education in the United States, E.Cubberley, 1934, Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

History of Secondary Education Table 10.6 History of Secondary Education Time Period Schooling Option Description Colonial America Latin grammar school Prepared students for college through the study of Latin and Greek. English grammar school Prepared students who needed formal education beyond the elementary level, but weren’t planning to attend college. American Academy Prepared students for either college or the business world. Late 1800s Public high school Publicly funded high schools for both boys and girls were made available. Early 1900s Junior high school Because young adolescents were seen as having different needs, they were separated from high school students for grades 7-9. 1960s Middle school The onset of puberty in many sixth-grade students led to the growth of schools for grades 6-8. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Gender Equity in High School Sports Table 10.7 Gender Equity in High School Sports Year Boys (thousands) Girls (thousands) 1971 1978 1985 1993 2000 3,700 4,500 3,400 3,500 3,900 290 2,000 1,750 2,800 Source: From Title IX at 30: Report Card on Gender Equity, by National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education, 2002, Washington, DC: Reprinted with permission. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.