Lindsay Haney

Overview  How Obesity is Measured  Definition of Obesity  Prevalence of Obesity  Bodily Systems Impaired  Health Implications  Scientific Research

How Obesity is Measured  Body Mass Index (BMI) Weight and height Indicates body fatness  Weight Status Age-specific percentile Sex-specific percentile

Definition of Obesity  Obesity BMI at or above the 95 th percentile  Overweight BMI at or above the 85 th percentile

Prevalence of Obesity  United States 16.9% 12.5 million years old Ogden, 2010

Trends in Obesity Ogden, 2010

Girls 12 – 19 years Ogden, 2010

Boys 12 – 19 years Ogden, 2010

Trends in Obesity  Prevalence is Increasing  Mexican-American Adolescent Boys  Non-Hispanic Black Adolescent Girls Ogden, 2010

Health Risks

Body Systems  Cardiovascular  Endocrine  Pulmonary  Skeletal  Gastrointestinal  Hepatic

Cardiovascular System  Heart  Blood Vessels

Cardiovascular Problems  Atherosclerosis  Hypertension  Dyslipidemia  Insulin Resistance

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Excess Adiposity Among Overweight Children and Adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study  Test BMI Accuracy Excess Adiposity CVD Risks Adult Obesity Risks  CVD Risks: High Triglycerides Low HDL High LDL Fasting Insulin Systolic BP Diastolic BP Freedman, 2007

Results Freedman, 2007

Results Freedman, 2007

Association Between Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Children and Young Adults  Influence of CVD Risk Factors Atherosclerosis ○ Aorta ○ Coronary Arteries Berenson, 1998

Findings  Elevations Related to Atherosclerosis: BMI Systolic BP Serum LDL Serum TG Berenson, 1998

Results Berenson, 1998

Results Berenson, 1998

Results Berenson, 1998

Implications:  Increased BMI = CVD Risks  CVD Risks = Atherosclerosis  May Cause: Heart Attack Stroke Death

Endocrine System  Hypothalamus  Pituitary  Thyroid  Adrenal Gland  Pancreas  Ovaries  Testes

Type 2 Diabetes  Adult Diabetes?  Insulin Resistance  High Blood Sugar  Long-term Effects: Vision Impairment Nerve Damage High Blood Pressure High Cholesterol Kidney Damage

The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study  Prevalence: 3700 Children Newly Diagnosed/ Year year old adolescents American Indian Rodreguez, 2006

The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Rodreguez, 2006

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome  Excess Androgen Clinical Manifestations: ○ Acne ○ Hair growth ○ Elevated androgen levels ○ Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound  Risks: Infertility Type 2 Diabetes Cardiovascular Disease

Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood  Increased Risk: Large for Gestational Age Maternal Obesity Gestational Diabetes  Prevalence Increasing Boney, 2005; Weiss, 2004

Pulmonary System  Lungs  Associated Blood Vessels

Breathing Problems  Asthma  Obstructive Sleep Apnea Learning Memory Vocabulary Rhodes, 1995; Gilliand, 2003

 Bones  Joints Skeletal System

Orthopedic Complications  Fractures  Musculoskeletal discomfort  Impaired Mobility  Lower extremity malalignment Taylor, 2006

Gastrointestinal & Hepatic System  Esophagus  Stomach  Pancreas  Small Intestine  Large Intestine  Liver

GI and Liver Problems  Nonalcholic Fatty Liver Disease  Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis  Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Questions